r\- v,o;{ /O^x 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 



ChapLJ-Hwopyright No, 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



.^ 



SwiNTGN's Primary United States 



FIRST LESSONS 



IN 



OUR COUNTRY'S HISTORY 



BY 

WILLIAM SWINTON 

AUTHOR OF "school HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES " "OUTLINES 

OF THE world's HISTORY " " HISTORY OF THE 

ARMY OF THE POTOMAC " 



REVISED EDITION 



NEW YORK .:• CINCIXNATI •:• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



TWO COPIES RECEIVED 

Ll&rary of Congre.ij, 
Offfcu of tho 

FEB 8-1900 

K'Sl'f^r of Cgpyrljfhtu 



58191 



Col'YltKJUT, l^'-i, 

By WILLIAM SWINTOX. 



Copyright. 18:4 and 1899, by 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. 

Copyright, 1900, by R. W. E. Swinton. 



.1 



SECOND COPY. 






AUTHOR'S PREFACE 



The extension of the study of United States History into the lower 
grades of our schools has suggested the need of a class-book fitted to 
their wants. Of histories which the child may read by the mother's 
knee there is no lack ; but this is not what is required for school study, 
which must not only convey impressions, but impart a certain amount 
of available knowledge. In the present manual, the author has sought 
to supply this want. In doing so, he has aimed at- two things as 
desirable : — 

The first is, to bring out to prominent view the salient points of our 
country's history, and such only. In so great a mass of details, selec- 
tion was necessary; for when thousands of facts are put before the 
child's mind, and everything is made equally important, it simply 
results that everything becomes equally unimportant. Hence the 
author has endeavored to apply the principles of historical perspective 
to his treatment, — to subordinate minutiae of date and place and num- 
ber and circumstance, and bring to the foreground prominent and 
vital facts. 

The second thing the author has aimed at is, to be simple in the 
mode of presentation without falling into the prevalent sin of chil- 
dren's histories, to wit, silliness in point of matter. AVhat the pupil 
finds difiB.cult is rarely the thought : it is generally an abstract mode of 



4 PREFACE 

expression or an elaborate structure of sentence. On this head the 
author's ideal has been to combine simj^licity with sense. 

The teacher will notice that the questions are put in the margin of 
the page. It is believed that this arrangement will be found exceed- 
ingly convenient to both teacher and pupil. The questions have been 
made approximate enough to be a guide, not literal enough to be a 
servile rule. 

William Swinton. 



PUBLTSHEES' NOTE 



This First Lessons has been revised and enlarged, reset and illus- 
trated anew, for the same reasons that led to the publication of the 
recent new edition of the Author's School History. Professor 
Swinton was peculiarly qualified by natural gifts, by predilection, and 
by years of research, to treat of " Our Country's History," and the 
two manuals, of which this book is the Primary, are the only Ameri- 
can Histories for school use prepared by this distinguished writer. 
Himself for many years a teacher, he was able to bring to his work a 
practical knowledge of class-room needs, and the continuing demand 
for these Histories among educators in all parts of the Union is at 
once a testimony to their excellence, and the best warrant for repro- 
ducing them in improved mechanical form. 

In the revision, carried on under the supervision of our Editorial 
Department, the narrative has been brought down to very recent 
times. 



CONTENTS 



PART I. — DISCOVERIES AND SETTLEMENTS 

PAjBE 

I. Four Centuries Ago 9 

11. The Voyage of Discovery 15 

III. How England and France Came to ClaixAI Part of 

America 22 

IV. Spanish Adventures and Conquests 26 

Ponce de Leon • 27 

Ferdinand de Soto 29 

Fernando Cortes 31 

V. The American Indians o 34 

VI. A Review Lesson 39 

VII. Virginia and the Southern Colonies 40 

Early History of Virginia 42 

Indian Massacres 45 

The Government of Vii-ginia . - 46 

Growth of Virginia 46 

Daughter Colonies of Virginia 48 

Georgia 50 

VIIL New England 51 

Plymouth Colony 51 

Massachusetts Bay Colony 54 

Connecticut 55 

Rhode Island 56 

New England Life and Growth 57 

IX. New York and the Middle Colonies 64 

New Jersey 67 

Pennsylvania 67 

X. The Struggle with the French 70 

XI. A Review Lesson 78 

5 



CONTENTS 
PART IL — THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 

PAGE 

XII. Why the Colonies Revolted 79 

XIII. Campaigns and Battles of the Rev^olutionary AVar . 85 

Operations around Boston 58 

Lexington 86 

Bunker Hill 86 

Washington Chosen Commander 88 

The Attack on Charleston 89 

Washington Moves to New York 90 

The Declaration of Indej)endence 91 

The Campaign in New York 92 

The Retreat through New Jersey 93 

The Victory at Trenton 94 

The Pennsylvania Campaign 95 

Burgoyne's Campaign 96 

The French Aid America 98 

England Asks for Peace 98 

The Scene Shifts 99 

The Massacre of Wyoming 99 

The War in the South 100 

The Treason of Arnold 102 

The Siege of Yorktown 103 

The Close of the War 104 

The Constitution 106 

The Principal Battles of the Revolution 107 

XIV. Great Men of the, Revolution 109 

George Washington 109 

Benjamin Franklin Ill 

Patrick Henry 113 

Lafayette 114 

Thomas Jefferson 115 

Nathanael Greene 117 

John Paul Jones 118 

Other Distinguished Soldiers 120 

XV. A Review Lesson 122 

PART IIL — THE UNITED STATES 

XVI. The Times of Washington 125 

XVn. The Great West 129 

Boone and Kentucky 129 

Tennessee 132 



CONTENTS 7 

XYIL The Great West (continued). p^^j, 

Ohio 132 

Other States 133 

XVIII. The Second War with England 134 

Raids into Canada 135 

Naval Operations 136 

American Victories in Canada 138 

The Battle of Lake Champlain 139 

The British at Washington and Baltimore 140 

The Battle of New Orleans 140 

Peace 141 

XIX. Growth of Our Country 142 

Beyond the Mississippi 142 

Hamilton and Burr 144 

War with the Barbary Pirates 144 

The First Steamboat 14.5 

The Battle of Tippecanoe 146 

Florida Purchased by the United States 148 

Twenty-five Years after Washington's Death 148 

Death of John Adams and Thomas Jefferson 150 

Jackson's Administration 1.50 

Webster, Clay, and Calhoun 151 

Independence of Texas 153 

The First Telegraph 154 

The Mexican War 155 

The Conquest of California 158 

The Discovery of Gold 1,59 

The New Far West 160 

The Slavery Struggle 161 

The Election of Lincoln 162 

Secession 164 

XX. A Review Lesson 165 

PART IV. — THE WAR OF SECESSION 

XXL The War Begins — Fort Sumter 167 

XXTI. The Battle of Bull Run 169 

XXIII. Battles and Campaigns of 1862 170 

The Capture of Fort Donelson 170 

The Battle of Shiloh 172 

Bragg's Invasion of Kentucky 172 

The Battle of Murfreesboro 173 

McClellan's Campaign on the Peninsula ....... 173 



8 CONTENTS 

XXIII. Battles and Campaigns of 1862 (continued). page 

The Battle of Antietam o 174 

The Battle of Fredericksburg ..,,.. 174 

The Capture of New Orleans 175 

The Monitor and the Merrimac , , . . 175 

XXIV. Battles and Campaigns of 1863 177 

The Emancipation Proclamation 177 

Vicksburg . 177 

Battles at Chattanooga 178 

Operations against Charleston 178 

The Battle of Chancellorsville 180 

The Battle of Gettysburg 180 

XXV. Battles and Campaigns of 1864 182 

Grant's Campaign in the East 182 

Sheridan in the Valley 182 

Sherman's March to the Sea .18-) 

Farragut at Mobile 184 

The Alabama and the Kearsarge . 184 

XXVI. The Final Campaign 185 

The Situation in the Spring of 1865 185 

Sherman's Operations 185 

Grant's Operations 186 

The Assassination of Lincoln 187 

Peace 187 

XXVII. Facts and Reflections 188 

XXVIII. A Review Lesson 190 

PART v. — HISTORY SINCE THE WAR 

XXIX. Recent Administrations 193 

Johnson's Administration 193 

Impeachment of the President 195 

The French in Mexico o . 195 

The Atlantic Cable . 196 

The Purchase of Alaska . 197 

Grant's Administration » . 197 

Hayes's Administration 200 

Garfield and Arthur's Administration 201 

Cleveland's First Administration 202 

Harrison's Administration 203 

Cleveland's Second Administration 203 

McKinley's Administration 204 

Reference List of the Presidents 206 

Reference Table, showing Areas and Admission of the States 208 



PART I 



DISCOVERIES AJfD SETTLEMEKTS 



>><K< 



I. FOUR CENTURIES AGO 
1. Every boy and ffirl knows tliat, in our day, what of the 

. , ocean now 

2rreat steamers and stately ships sail over the vast and 400 

^ c/ i years ago ? 

sea which surrounds the globe. But, four hundred 
years ago, the ocean, which enables us to go so 
swiftly from one continent to another, nearly 
stopped the movements of people ; so mariners 
could only sail timidly along the coasts. 




LANDING AT GUANAHANI 



10 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What did 
men think 
about the 
shape of the 
earth? 



What can 
you tell of 
America at 
this time? 
How long 
were Euro- 
peans igno- 
rant of the 
Western 
Continent ? 



Why did the 
ancients not 
know about 
America ? 



What of the 
compass ? 
Name some 
seafaring 
nations. 
Tell of their 
discoveries. 



2. None but the most learned men, four hun- 
dred years ago, knew that the earth is round. If 
a sailor had been told that a ship might start 
from a port, and, by sailing onward for many 
months in the same direction, come round to its 
starting-point, he would have laughed at the idea. 

3. At that time the prairies and forests of the 
Western World were the home of Indians, who 
hunted and fished and led a savage life in the 
wild freedom of nature. Europeans knew nothing 
about our continent till about four hundred years 
ago, wdien the New World was discovered by a bold 
Italian navigator, named Christopher Columbus. 

4. The reason why the ancients did not know 
of the existence of America, is because the great 
art of navigation was then in a very rude state. 

5. The first thing that enabled sailors to launch 
out boldly on the trackless sea was that wonderful 
invention, the mariner's compass, which came into 
use early in the fifteenth century. The Portu- 
guese, Spaniards, and Italians, who were then the 
great seafaring nations of Europe, began to ven- 
ture out on the Atlantic Ocean. The Azores 
Islands, which lie far out in the Atlantic, to the 
west of Europe, were discovered about this time. 



FOUR CENTURIES AGO 11 

The western coast of Africa, also, was explored 
nearly down to its most southern point. 

6. Columbus was born just at the period when who was 

born at this 

these new enterprises were 4>;omQ; on. His birth- time? 

^ . Tell about 

place was the city of Genoa, on the Mediterranean Columbus 

^ ^ ^ when a lad. 

Sea. It is related that when a lad he took to the gl^Sir!' 
water as though it had been his native element ; ^°^ ^^^®* 
but this was not merely because he had a boyish 
love of adventure, for at the same time he was 
diligently studying all that was then known about 
geography and navigation. After he grew to be 
a man he continued to follow the sea : for many 
years he was captain of Genoese caravels, which 
were queer-looking, high-pro wed ships. 

7. When Columbus was about forty years old, What was 

the bold voy- 

he came to the conclusion that he could make a ageCoium- 

bus thought 

far bolder voyage than had ever been attempted ^{[^^t did he 
before. His studies had led him to believe that ^®i^®^®^ 
our earth, instead of being fiat, as was thought, 
is a globe, and that by sailing due ivestivard from 
Europe across the Atlantic he would come round 
to the eastern coast of Asia. 

8. Why did Columbus wish to reach Asia f Give his 

reason for 

The reason was that his countrymen, the Italian ^visinngto 

•^ ^ sail to India. 

merchants living on the Mediterranean Sea, were 



12 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell why- 
India could 
not then he 
reached hy 
the Cape of 
Good Hope. 



What hitter 
trials did 
Columhus 
have? 



carrying on a rich trade with India ; but they had 
to bring the silks and spices and dyestuffs of the 
East overland by caravans, and it was dangerous 
and expensive to transport their goods by this 
route ; hence Columbus thought it would be a 
great thing if he could go to India all the way by 
sea. Columbus was also a religious man, and he 
longed to bring the unknown barbarous nations of 
the far East to a knowledge of the Christian faith. 

9. The Italian merchants could not sail round 
the Cape of Good Hope to India, as it was not 
known at this time that a ship could sail round 
the southern point of Africa. The passage round 
the Cape of Good Hope was not discovered till two 
or three years after Columbus discovered America. 

10. It generally happens that those who make 
great discoveries for mankind meet with a cold re- 
ception from the very people they wish to benefit. 
Columbus tasted this bitter cup. He longed to make 
a voyage that should decide whether he was right in 
his idea of reaching Asia by sailing westward ; but 
first he had to get some king or court to give him 
the means to fit out a vessel. He applied to vari- 
ous governments, and spent ten years of weary 
waiting ; but he received no encouragement. 



FOUR CENTURIES AGO 



13 



11. Finally, lie went to Spain. The sovereisrns Give an ac- 

•^ ' ^ ^ count of the 

of Spain at that time were Ferdinand and Isabella, g^^^ofum-* 

Columbus was well treated; but these monarchs ^us in Spain. 
did not care to spend money on a plan which was 
considered a wild dream. 




stopped 
him? 
Tell what 
Isabella 
said. 



12. Columbus waited seven years more, and Failing in 

Spain, where 

then, heartsore but undaunted, turned his back didhepro- 

■ pose to go ? 

on the court of Spain, ^^^* 

resolving to apply to the 
king of France. While 
on his way, he was over- 
taken by a messenger, 
sent by the queen to 
call him back. The 
dream of Columbus sud- 
denly seemed to Isa- 
bella a suggestion from 
Heaven, and she ex- 
claimed : '' 1 undertake the expedition for my 
own crown of Castile, and will pledge my jewels 
to obtain the means ! " This speech showed the 
noble spirit of the queen. However, the sacri- 
fice of her jewels was not needed, because other 
means were found ; so, at last, after nearly 
twenty years of disappointment, Columbus was 



QUEEN ISABELLA 



14 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Where was 
the ffeet 
fitted out ? 
Name the 
ships. How 
many per- 
sons were 
on board ? 
Give the 
date of sail- 
ing. 



gladdened by hearing the order given to fit out 
a fleet. 

13. At a little seaport named Palos, three small 
craft, hardly bigger than the yachts of our day, 
were fitted out, and set forth August 3/ 1492. 
Their names were the Santa Maria, the Finta, and 
the Nina; and there were but one hundred and 
twenty persons on board. 




THE WORLD AS KNOWN BEFORE COLUMBUS 

1 August 12 by the new, or Gregorian, style of reckoning, at present in use. 



THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 16 



II. THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 

14. On tlie next pa^e is a map of the voy- what map 

••• ^ ^ "^ and picture 

age of Columbus, and on page 9, is a picture of are spoken 
the landing of Columbus in the New World. 

15. When Columbus left Palos, he steered to where did 

Columbus 

the southwest, and reached one of the Canary first sail? 
Isles, named Gomera. Beyond this was the 
mysterious, unexplored sea. What courage and 
faith it needed to launch out on this untried, 
trackless waste ! 

16. It was the most wonderful voyage ever ^^^^^^^^^^ 
made. The ignorant fears of the sailors peopled 07^^^/^^^^ 
the ocean with awful dangers. The compass ^J^V'® ^^'^" 
pointed wrong, and the men thought that the 
trade-winds, which carried the ships swiftly west- 
ward, would prevent them from ever getting 

back. Columbus tried in every way to calm the 
fears of the sailors. Still, as day by day they 
were carried farther and farther away from 
home, their alarm increased. 

17. At length they grew mutinous, and wanted ^^.^^.^^s 
to turn back; but Columbus stood very firm. saLr^'s?^ 



16 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



How did he 
know land 
was nigh ? 



He did not say 
he would turn 
back if they did 
not find land in 
three days (as 
you may have 
read in some 
books), — no, 
he declared that 
he was bound 
by the help of 
Heaven to go 
to India ! 

18. Finally, 
after many 
days' sailing, 
the faith of the 
great captain 
w^as rewarded 
with signs that 
surely betok- 
ened land. 
Thus, the sound- 
ing-line reached 
the bottom of the sea, land-birds hovered about 




THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 17 

the ships, and some of the sailors found floating 
in the water the branch of a tree with red ber- 
ries quite fresh. 

19. Columbus now felt so sure of being near why did co- 

r»iiiif/-\ii 'umbus cast 

land that on the evenms; ot tlie 11th oi October^ anchor? 

^ Tell about 

he ordered the ships to lie by. No man closed the night. 
his eyes that night, and all kept on deck, intently 
looking in the direction where they expected land. 

20. About two hours before midnight, Colum- Teii about 

the light, 

bus was standino; on the forecastle, when he ob- and the cry 

^ _ ' ^ of "Land!" 

served a light at a distance. A little after 
midnight the joyful shout of " Land ! Land ! " 
was heard from the Pint a. 

21. When the morning dawned, the voyagers Relate what 

they saw in 

saw an island about five miles to the north, — the morn- 
ing, and 

an island clad in lovely verdure, and which the what the 

'J ^ sailors did. 

natives called Guanahani. All shed tears of joy, 
and raised a hymn of praise to God. Then they 
fell at the feet of Columbus, imploring his pardon. 

22. Immediately the boats were all manned Give an ac- 

count of the 
and armed, and with colors displayed, and war- landing. 

like music, and much pomp, the crews rowed 

toward the shore. Columbus, in a rich dress, 

1 October 20, New Style. 

SW. PKIM. HIST. — 2 



18 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell about 
the natives, 
and what 
they 
thought. 
What did 
Columbus 
name them, 
and why ? 



Continue the 
narrative of 
the voyage. 



When did 
Columbus 
start to go 
back? 



and with his drawn sword in his hand, was the 
first to step ashore, while his men followed. They 
set up a cross, and, prostrating themselves before 
it, returned thanks to Heaven for this prosperous 
ending of their voyage. Columbus then caused 
the royal standard of the Spanish monarchs to 
be set up, and thus took possession of the land 
for the crown of Spain on October 12, 1492.^ 

23. While the Spaniards were thus employed, 
they were surrounded by the natives, who gazed 
with astonishment on the newcomers. They 
thought them the children of the sun, or visi- 
tants from some spirit world. Columbus named 
the natives ^' Indians," because he thought the 
island lay off the coast of India, in Asia ; he had 
no idea that he had discovered a new continent. 

24. Columbus and his men next sailed south- 
ward, and discovered the islands of Cuba and 
Haiti. All the natives they found were naked 
savages, who kissed the feet of the Spaniards, and 
exchanged their gold ornaments for beads, etc. 

25. After spending some time in exploring the 
islands, Columbus, early in the new year (1493), 
turned his prows homeward. 



1 October 21, New Style. 



THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 



19 



26. It seemed as though the ang-ry deep wished Give an ac- 

r f 1 count of the 

to swallow 1113 all proof of the grand discovery, fy^™-,., 
for a terrible storm arose, and the ships nearly CoUimbus 
foundered. Columbus, when he expected his ves- 
sels to go down, wrote an account of his voyage 
on parchment, inclosed it in a cake of wax, and 
the cake in a cask, which was thrown over- 
board. 

27. But Heaven watched over the discoverer what of his 

W6lconi6 

of the New World. The ships reached Spain in home? 




THE RETURN OF COLUMBUS 



safety. Columbus had a grand reception, and 
the king and queen immediately ordered a large 
and fine fleet to be fitted out. 



20 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell the 
story of the 
foolish 
courtier. 



Tell of the 

other 

voyages 

Columbus 

made. 



Repeat what 
you can of 
the last 
years of his 
life. 



28. There were some people who pretended, 
after Columbus had made his daring voyage, that 
it was not so wonderful a thing, after all. It is 
related that at a banquet a foolish courtier said he 
did not think it was very hard to make the dis- 
covery that one could reach Asia by sailing west 
ward. Columbus thereupon asked him to make 
an Qgg stand on end, and when he had to own 
that he could not do it, Columbus broke the 
end of the Qgg, when, of course, it stood very 
readily. This was a courteous but severe rebuke 
to the pretender, was it not ? 

29. Columbus made a second, a third, and 
a fourth voyage. During this time he planted 
several colonies in the West India Islands. He 
also reached the mainland of the American con- 
tinent, near the mouth of the Orinoco Kiver, in 
the year 1498. 

30. It was the lot of Columbus to receive injus- 
tice and neglect in return for the greatest benefits. 
His fame stirred up the jealousy and hatred of 
powerful men at the Spanish court. He was 
deprived of the government of the colony he had 
founded, and was sent home in chains. After the 
death of his friend. Queen Isabella, he was treated 



THE VOYAGE OF DISCOVERY 21 

still worse, and was allowed to die in poverty and 
neglect, at the age of seventy-two. 

31. You would say — would you not — that the what should 

^ *^ the New 

New World should have been called Colurnbiaf ^^^^^ ^1^^:^ 

been called ? 

But at first the new lands were supposed to belong JJ^Amerlca^ 
to Asia, and so they did not receive any particular ^^^^hy? 
name for a number of years. Meanwhile, a Ger- 
man writer on geography called a part of the new 
world America, after Americus Yespucius, an Ital- 
ian who made several voyages to our continent 
soon after Columbus's first discovery, and who 
wrote a description of the countries he saw. Many 
years later, after Columbus and Americus were 
both dead, the name America was given to the 
whole of the western continent. 

32. But no American can ever forget that the whatundy- 

ins^ glory 

wav to the New World was discovered bv Colum- hascoium- 

•^ . "^ bus? 

bus, the boldest sailor that ever trod a deck, and 
one of the greatest men that ever lived. 

33. There is no portrait of Columbus that is what was 

.his appear- 

known to be a true one, but we may form a pic- ance? 
ture of the discoverer in our minds from what his 
son Ferdinand tells us. Ferdinand says his father 
was above the middle height, with a face rather 
long, an aquiline nose, gray eyes, and light hair. 



22 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



III. HOW ENGLAND AND FRANCE CAME TO 
CLAIM PART OF AMERICA 



What effect 
did the 
discovery- 
have? 



Who else 
made 
voyages ? 



Why did 
the English 
claim 
America ? 



34. When the news of the discovery of lands 
beyond the Atlantic spread over Europe, many 
bold men made voyages to the western world. 

35. We shall first learn about the English and 
the French explorations, because the English and 
the French said that their discoveries gave them a 
right to the soil of America. 

36. The reason why the English said they had 
a right to settle in America is because they believed 
that Noi'th America was discovered by a navigator 
named John Cabot, an Italian, settled in Bristol, 
who sailed under the flag of England. 

37. Cabot, as soon as he heard of Columbus's 
great discovery, applied to the king of England 
for permission to make a voyage to the lands 
beyond the western ocean. This was granted 
by Henry VII., and Cabot sailed with his son, 
Sebastian. 

Tell of 38. Cabot sailed on a line far north of the 

Cabot's 

voyage. routc of Columbus. He succeeded in reaching 



What did 
Cabot ask 
of the king ? 



CLAIMS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



'Zi5 



it is supposed at Cape Breton^ 



the New World, - 
— in June, 1497. 

39. Cabot claimed all the land he discovered For whom 

did he claim 

for the crown of England; and hence, when the the land? 
English said that they owned a large part of 
North America, they de- 
clared it was theh^s " by 
virtue of the right of first 
discovery by Cabot." 

40. Now we must learn 
what was the foundation 
of the French claim to a 
part of North America. 
In the year 1524, the 

king of France sent a navigator named Verra- 
zano to America for the purpose of making dis- 
coveries. He sailed along the coast from Florida 
to Newfoundland. He set up the standard of 
the French monarch, and called the country New 
France. 




Tell of the 
voyager 
that gave 
the French 
a claim. 



SEBASTIAN CABOT 



41 



But thoudi Endand and France said that Did the 

^ ^ French or 



they owned a 2:reat i3art of the wilderness of North English 



plant any 



America, they did nothing in the way of planting yg^^^"^^^ 
colonies here for a long time. It was more than 
one hundred years after this before lasting French 



24 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell about 
Cartier. 
About the 
southern 
settlements. 



Who was 

Raleigh? 



What grant 
did he re- 
ceive ? 
Tell the 
story of the 
expedition. 



or English colonies were founded in the New 
World. 

42. True, both the French and the English 
made some attempts to found settlements in their 
possessions. James Cartier tried to plant a colony 
along the St. Lawrence River in New France ; but 
he failed. In the far southern part of our country 
two colonies of French Protestants were formed : 

but the band that went to 
South Carolina became dis- 
couraged, and returned ; 
while the settlement in 
Florida was attacked by 
Spaniards and the people 
were put to death. 

43. In the early English 
attempts at American set- 
tlement. Sir Walter Raleigh was the leader. 
Raleigh was a very accomplished courtier, and 
a great favorite with Elizabeth, the " Virgin 
Queen," in whose reign he lived. 

44. Queen Elizabeth gave Raleigh a grant of 
a great tract of land in America. First, he sent 
out two ships to explore the country. The ex- 
pedition landed on Roanoke Island (N.C.). The 




JAMES CARTIER 



CLAIMS OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE 



25 



vovasrers were kindly treated by the natives, and what was 
J c> J ^ the country- 

returned with glowing accounts of the land they named? 

had seen. Out of compliment to the " Virgin 

Queen " the country was named Virginia. 

■45. Raleiarh was so delig;hted with the reports Teiithe 

^ ^ ^ story of the 

of the land beyond the sea, that he now sent out fi^st colony. 
a band of colonists, 
who began a settle- 
ment at Roanoke. 
But the English- 
men got into 
trouble with the 
Indians, and came 
near starving ; so, 
when a fleet under 
the bold captain, 
Sir Francis Drake, 
happened to arrive 
off the coast, they were glad to forsake the country. 




SIR WALTER RALEIGH 



46. Thus we see that all these attempts to what was 

^ the result of 

found French or English colonies in America teJ^^^s^f ^*'" 
during the sixteenth century failed. 



26 



PRIMARY HISTORY 




THE DISCOVERY OF THE MlbblSiilPPl 



IV. SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 



What is 47. No sooner had Columbus planted a colony 

said of the " 

Spaniards in tlie West Indies than crowds of adventurous 

in America ? 

Sinntries^ splrits passcd ovcr from Spain to America. They 
they seized, -(^qqj^ posscssiou of all the West India Islands, and 



SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 27 

from there in a few years began to push oE to 
the mamland. In this way the Spaniards dis- 
covered and took possession of the Isthmus of 
Panama, of Mexico, of Florida, and of the rich 
gold-land of Peru. 

48. They everywhere set up the cross as the what two 
symbol of the Christian faith ; but at the same things did 

. . they do? 

time they treated the poor natives with most 
unchristian cruelty ; for they enslaved them, and 
wore out their lives in merciless toil in the mines 
and on the plantations. 

49. The history of the Spanish conquest of the what is 

said of the 

countries that are named above — and which Spanish 

conquests ? 

together form what used to be called Spanish 
America — is full of tales of gallant exploits and 
of heartless conduct. Of the many adventures 
of the Spaniards, three are important to be re- 
membered because they have something to do 
with the history of our country. 

PONCE DE LEON 

50. The first adventure is the voyacre of Ponce tbii why 

, ^ the first ad- 

DE Leon to Florida. This is of interest, because venture is 

interesting. 

it led to the discovery by the Spaniards of a part 
of what is now the United States. 



28 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What tale 
did De Leon 
believe ? 



Give an ac- 
count of his 
voyage. 



51. De Leon heard an Indian tale about a 
fountain, the waters of which had the power to 
keep one forever young. 

52. To find this fabled fountain, he sailed from 
the West Indies in the year 1512. After some 
time he reached a land of flowers, which he 

called Florida. This was 
the same place we now 
call Florida, — which, you 
know, is the southern penin- 
sula of the United States. 



What was 




W^^^^W^ 


the result 




^.^^fcs^^^fe 


of his ex- 


/'C 


^^^il^^^^^ 


pedition ? 


t^i u 


^^- 




¥'--,f 






PONCE DE LEON 



^f\ 



When was 
the first 
Spanish 
settlement 
made in our 
country ? 



53. De Leon was, of 
course, disappointed in his 
search for the " fountain 
of immortal youth." He 
went away, but afterwards 
returned and tried to take possession of the coun- 
try ; but his people were driven off by the Indians, 
and he was killed. 

54. Although after De Leon's expeditions a 
number of Spanish explorers went to the coast 
of Florida and South Carolina, yet no settlement 
was made there till St. Augustine, in Florida, was 
founded in 1565, — the oldest town within the 
limits of what is now our country. 



SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 



29 



FERDINAND DE SOTO 

55. We must now learn about tlie marvelous who dis- 

covered the 
adventures of Ferdinand de Soto, the discoverer Mississippi 

of the Mississippi River. 

56. De Soto was the Spanish 2:overnor of one what did 

. T TTT XT TIT Db SotO dO ? 

of the vVest India islands. 
He collected there and in 
Spain a finely equipped force, 
and sailed to Florida. 



Where did 
they go after 
landing in 
Florida? 




FERDINAND DE SOTO 



57. From there the armor- 
clad and mounted warriors, 
under their fiery leader, 
plunged into the interior of 
the country. They traveled 

far north into what is now Georgia, but was then 
the land of the Cherokee Indians. 

58. De Soto had believed that he would find in what did 
the interior of the country rich treasures of gold nud? 
and silver ; but, instead, he met only savage In- 
dians, with whom he had to fight many battles. 

His men were compelled to hew their w^ay through 
forests and swamps and they endured much sick- 
ness and suffering. 



30 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What great 
discovery 
did he 
make? 
Give an 
account of 
tlie march 
north from 
Ma villa. 



59. However, he made one great discovery ; he 
found, not any treasures of gold or jewels, but he 
found the Father of Waters. The manner of the 
discovery was this : he went northwest from 
Mavilla, and, after a toilsome march of many 
weeks, finally came to a great stream, which tiie 
natives called Mesa-seba, — which is the same 



U L F OF 



L^_r^^ Supposed Route of De Soto. 
Winter QuartersA 




Longitude "West 



ROUTE OF DE SOTO, 1541 



mighty river we still call the Mississippi. Here 
he was met by a band of Indians, who came down 
the river in a fleet of large canoes, and who 
offered to ferry the Spaniards across. 



SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 81 

60. De Soto did not o-ive up his searcli for How long 

, . did De Soto 

treasures for many months, — in fact, not till most ^^^^^•^'^ 
of his grand array of armor-clad Spaniards had 
dwindled away. 

61. Finally, the darinsr discoverer became Teiiofhis 

'^ , ^ death and 

broken-hearted and died ; he was buried in the i^uriai. 

' What be- 

mighty river which he was the first European to ^^®^°^ ^'^^ 

behold. Those of his followers who survived, 

built rafts, and floating down the Mississippi, 

reached a Spanish settlement in Mexico. Now, 

aftBr learning these facts, you will find it very 

interesting to follow De Soto's route as shown on 

the map. 



FERNANDO CORTES 

62. The third and most important of the Span- 
ish exploits in America is the conquest of Mexico 
by Cortes. 

63. You must know that, at the time Columbus Teii about 

the ancient 

discovered America, there was in Mexico a numer- Mexicans, 

^ and their 

ous and powerful people. These were the Aztecs, civilization. 
They differed from the other American natives, 
for they lived in cities containing great palaces 
and temples, and had a written language, and 



32 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What ex- 
pedition 
did the 
Spaniards 
fit out ? 



tilled the soil, — so we may say that they were 
semi-civilized. 

64. The Spaniards soon heard of this rich coun- 
try of the Aztecs, and its mines of gold and silver. 
Accordingly, an expedition was fitted out to con- 
quer it. A Spaniard named Fernando Cortes, able 
and daring, but very cruel, w^as made the leader. 




THE MEETING OF CORTES AND MONTEZUMA 



Relate the 65. In 1519 tlic expedition sailed from Cuba, 

early his- 
tory of it. and landed at Vera Cruz. Here the Spanish com- 



SPANISH ADVENTURES AND CONQUESTS 33 

mander burnt his ships to show his men that they 
must conquer or die. 

66. Soon afterwards, Cortes marched upon the where did 

Oortes 

capital of the Aztec emperor, whose name was "y^^^t'^^s 
Montezuma. Near the city he was met by the of ^if ^^ 
Aztec ruler with a great deal of friendly pomp, ^^""^^^le? 
but this good feeling did not last long. After 
three years of warfare, the Spanish army captured 
the city of Mexico. 

67. The Spaniards took possession of the whole How long 

\ ^ . did the 

country, and it was ruled by Spanish governors for Spaniards 
three hundred years. They enslaved the natives ^owdid 
to feed their greed for gold. The mines of Mexico t&atlves? 
and Peru became the prize of the Spanish conquest 
of America. But these were not the kind of men 
to found a great nation on the soil of the New 
World. 

68. Twenty years after the conquest, parts of Did the 

. • • T n • 1 Spaniards 

what IS now our country were visited by Spaniards come north 

'^ c/ i. from Mex- 

from Mexico. An explorer named Coronado, with ^^^^ 
a thousand white men and Indians, marched across 
New Mexico and Arizona, and some think that 
they came as far north as the River Platte, in 
Nebraska. 

SW. PRIM. HIST. — 3 



34 



PRIMARY HISTORY 




INDIAN HUNTERS AND CAMP 



V. THE AMERICAN INDIANS 



What did 
the explor- 
ers notice 
about 
America? 



What 
strausre 



69. America was indeed a neiv world. Every- 
wdiere the European explorers, as they landed on 
the coast or threaded their perilous way into the 
wooded interior, beheld novel scenes and objects. 



70. For the first time, Europeans saw Indian 
Found in^^^ corn, and tobacco, and potatoes — three plants that 
wha?ani- are natives of America, and which were not known 

in Europe till after the discovery of our continent. 

For the first time, also, they saw the buffalo, the 

llama, and the turkey. 



THE AMERICAN INDIANS 35 

71. On the other hand, they observed with siir- Name some 

animals they 

prise that many familiar European animals, such ^id not see. 
as the horse, cow, sheep, pig, and cat, were not to 
be found in America. 

72. But the arreatest novelty of all was the new what was 

the greatest 

race of men. The people whom the Europeans novelty? 
found on this continent differed in appearance 
and customs from all the inhabitants of the Old 
World. They were a new family of mankind. 

73. Probably every one of you has seen an Describe the 

natives. 

Indian. Now the red man of to-day is much like why were 

•^ they called 

his ancestors whom the early explorers of America "Indians"? 
met three hundred years ago. The Indian is tall, 
straight, and well formed. His skin is of a copper 
brown ; his hair long, black, and coarse. Colum- 
bus, you remember, gave the red men the name 
of '' Indians," because he supposed the country 
that he discovered was a part of India. 



civilized 



What was 
their nian- 



74. The Indians were not a civilized race, why were 

they not a 

They lived mainly by hunting and fishing, and cul- 
tivating patches of Indian corn, beans, potatoes, 
and melons. They could make bows and arrows, ^^r of life? 
and stone tomahawks, and mortars for pounding 
corn, and birch-bark canoes, and they could dress 
skins ; but that was about all they could do. 



36 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell about 
their gov- 
ernment. 



Describe 
their ways 
in war. 



What is 
said of the 



State why 
the Indians 
were not to 
be civilized. 



75. The Indians had no regular government. 
They were simply gathered together into tribes, 
each under its own chief, though sometimes several 
tribes united and formed a league or confederacy. 

76. War was the great delight of these savages. 
The Indians scalped their foes, and cherished the 
scalps as trophies and used them as decorations 
for their girdles. If captured by an enemy, they 
never asked for their lives ; they would show no 
fear even at the sight of the fire that was to burn 
their bodies. 

77. The women among the Indians were re- 
garded as drudges whose business it was to save 
man from the degradation of labor. The women 
dressed the food, tilled the little patches of ground, 
and took charge of the wigwams. 

78. The Indians knew nothing of civilization. 
They had no sense of the obligation of law ; they 
had no experience of settled industry. To try to 
civilize them seemed to destroy their native virtues 
and to give them no others in their stead. " The 
Great Spirit," they said, " gave the white man a 
plow and the red man a bow and arrow, and sent 
them into the world by different paths, each to get 
a living in his own way." 



THE AMERICAN INDIANS 37 

79. You must not think, from all this, that the were the 

Indians all 

Indians had no good qualities ; for under their ^^d? 
tawny skins beat human hearts, and in every 
human heart there is something divine. 

80. They were often hospitable and generous. Mention 

some of 

g-ivino; with the tlioug;htless liberality of children, their good 

^ ^ ^ "^ qualities. 

When they were well treated, they were apt to 
show friendship and fidelity. They believed in 
God, whom they called the Great Spirit. Idolatry 
was rare among them. 

81. But from the day that white colonists set Show how 

the arts of 

their foot on the soil of North America, the na- the whites 

injured the 

tives of that soil were doomed to withdraw from Indians, 
it, or to perish. The guns which they got from 
the whites, only made them reckless in their de- 
struction of game, and rendered their petty wars 
more frequent and more bloody. The wearing of 
cottons and calicoes, which they learned to use in 
place of their own furs and deerskins, caused sick- 
ness and consumption among them. 

82. It soon appeared that the two races could Teii about 

^ ^ the bad feel- 

not live too;ether. Then they bep:an to hate each ingthat 

c» I/O arose. 

other. The white colonists were grasping and 
unfeeling in taking the lands of the Indians ; the 
natives became revengeful and murderous. 



88 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



you s"e in ^^' ^^^ P^^^^^^^ ^^^^ stands at the head of this 

the pictures, chapter shows a winter scene of Indian life. The 
successful hunter, still wearing his snowshoes, has 
just returned to camp. Huddled about the fire 
are some of his companions, while in the back- 
ground stands their rude shelter, built of saplings, 




AN INDIAN VILLAGE SCENE 



brushwood, and bark. The picture on this page 
shows a group of wigwams, with the squaws busied 
in household duties. At the right are kitchen and 
laundry in the open air. The youngster in the fore- 
ground has been taking a bow-and-arrow lesson, and 
is running to find the answer to his last shot. 



A REVIEW LESSON 



39 



VI. A REVIEW LESSON 



1. What have loe gone over in the pre- 
vious chapters f 

We have gone over the early period 
of our country's liistory, down to the 
time just before the English began to 
plant those colonies which afterwards 
grew to be the United States. 

2. What space of time is included? 
From the discovery of America 

by Columbus in 1492, to the found- 
ing of the first English colony, in 
Virginia, in 1607. 

3. What may this pjeriod he called ? 
The period of discovery and ex- 
ploration. 

4. What nations of Europe loere mak- 
ing explorations and settlements in North 
America during this period ? 

The Spaniards, the English, and 
the French. 

5. Mention some important SjKinish ex- 
plorations and settlements. 

Very soon after the discovery of 
America, the Spaniards settled the 
"West India Islands. In 1512, De 
Leon discovered the southern coast 
of what is now the United States, and 
called it Florida. In 1519-21, Cortes 
conquered Mexico, and twenty years 



later, Coronado headed an expedition 
into Arizona and New Mexico. In 
1541, De Soto discovered the Mis- 
sissippi River. 

6. What ivas this country called? 

The Spaniards called all North 
America, except Mexico, Florida. 

7. What ivas the first exploration made 
by the English in America ? 

That of Cabot, in 1497, the first 
discovery of North America. 

8. Did the English try to make settle- 
ments in North America during the six- 
teenth century f 

Yes ; but all these efforts failed. 

9. Tell about the most imp>ortant. 

Sir Walter Raleigh, between 1584 
and 1587, sent out three parties to 
Roanoke Island, in the region called 
by tlie English Virginia. 

10. What caused the French to claim 
part of North America f 

The exploration of the coast, in 
1524, by Verrazano, who named it 
New France ; and of the St. Law- 
rence region, by Cartier, in 1534. 

11. What did these discoveries by vari- 
ous nations lead to ? 

Rival claims to American territory. 



40 



PRIMAKY HISTORY 



VII. VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 



What part 
of our his- 
tory are we 
now to 
learn ? 



What was 84. Coloiiies of Endand, — such was our coun- 

our country ... 

faiic^ ?"' ^^y ^^^ ^^^ infancy. Remember this fact, for it is 
very important. 

85* We are now to see how those colonies w^ere 
phmted which afterwards became the United 
States, — how the brave pioneers of American 
settlement, struggling hard with savage nature 
and more savage man, succeeded at last in gain- 
ing a firm foothold on the American coast ; how 
they felled the forests and cultivated the soil and 
established society and laws ; how they were 
gradually trained to the love of liberty ; and, 
finally, how they revolted from Great Britain 
and made themselves " free and independent " a 
hundred years ago. 

Name the 86. Tlic first Ensflish colony in America was 

first English ^ '^ . 

colony. Virginia, — founded at Jamestown in 1607. 



Who were 
the leaders? 



87. The leaders in the settling of Virginia were 
English noblemen and merchants, who formed a 
company called the " London Company." 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 41 

88. The kino; of Eng-land, James the First, what land 

^ ^ 'did the king 

ffave these men a ffreat part of the immense ter- ^ix?^hem? 
ritory which the English claimed in America. It JJ^ciuded. 
took the name of South Virginia, and it inchided 
all that we now call Virginia and a good deal 
more. The king gave them a written agreement, 
called a charte7\ It bore the great seal of Eng- 
land, and was their title-deed to their possessions. 

89. As soon as the London Company had re- xeiiwhat 

T 1 • 1 IIP 1 ^^^® London 

ceived their charter they sent a band of one hun- company 

now did. 

dred and five emigrants across the ocean to begin 
a settlement. 

90. After crossing the Atlantic, the voyagers Describe the 
found themselves in Chesapeake Bay. Here they landing, 
discovered a fine river, which they named the 
James, in honor of the English king. They 

sailed up it for some distance, and began a settle- 
ment which they named Jamestown. 

91. This settlement at Jamestown in Virginia For what is 
was the first permanent English settlement in town settle- 
what is now the United States. You will find markaWe? 
the place on the map on the next page. James- 
town was burnt during later colonial days, and all 

that is left is the crumbling church tower, of 
which a little sketch is given on the map. 



42 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



EARLY HISTORY OF VIRGINIA 



What of 
Virginia at 
this time ? 



How did the 
settlers get 
along ? 



92. When the Virginia pioneers landed, the 
whole country was covered with thick forests. 

The first thing 
the newcomers 
had to do was 
to fell trees and 
build log-cab- 
ins for them- 
selves. 

93. The set- 
tlers were not 
well fitted for 
the hard life 
in the woods. 

JAMESTOWN AND VICINITY MoSt Of tlieiTL 

had not been used to work ; so when the provis- 
ions they had brought were used up they came 
near starving. Many, too, sickened and died be- 
cause the climate was new to them. 

Why was 94, Besides this, the colony was very badly 

the colony ^ ^ j j 

ernedF^" govcmed, bccansc the councilors appointed by the 
London Company to rule over the colony turned 
out to be worthless men. 




VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 43 



95. There was one man among: them, however, Name the 

o ' ' one wise 

who was very wise and skillful, and who, by his °^^°' 
good management, saved the colony from ruin. 
This man was named John Smith. 

96. You have, perhaps, read of Captain John can you 

^ ■■- ^ ^ relate aoy- 

Smith in story books. He had passed his early capufn''''* 
life in wild, romantic adventures among the Turks ^"^^^^^ 
and in Africa. In fact, his experience had been 
just such as was needed to fit him to be a leader . 
in the rous^h work of the wilderness. 

97. Smith had been appointed one of the coun- Teii how he 

^ ^ ^ was treated. 

cilors ; but the others became jealous of him and 
stripped him of his office. However, when things 
grew worse and worse, and the settlers were on 
the brink of starvation, they were glad enough to 
have him become their captain. 

98. All this part of Virginia was at that time J^Jf^^sV^® 
full of Indians. They were suspicious of the f^^^'^ 
white men and unfriendly to them. But Smith SemF 
had a wonderful know^ledge of how to deal with 

the red men. He made treaties with them, and 
contrived to get corn and game enough to feed the 
wretched settlers. 

99. Smith had many adventures with the Teiiofhis 

adventures. 

Indians. In one of his expeditions he was cap- 



44 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



When and 
how did 
Virginia 
lose 
Smith? 



tured and carried before the chief, whose name 
was Powhatan. There is a story of how he was 
condemned to die, and his head already lay on the 

death -stone, when 
the chief's daugh- 
ter, named Pocahont- 
as, induced her father 
to spare Smith's life. 
Perhaps, though, this 
is only a story. 

100. Captain Smith 
was the leading spirit 
in the colony for its 
first two years. Then 
he was wounded by an 
accidental discharge 
of gunpowder, and had to return to England. 

101. The first five years of Virginia life were 
years of severe trial, and several times it seemed 
bettfr?^^^^ as though the colDny would have to be given up. 
But new settlers arrived from England every 
spring, and the people began to get crops of corn, 
and women were brought over from the mother 
country to become the waves of the settlers^ and 
at last Virginia was firmly planted. 




CAPTAIN JOHN SMITH 



What of the 
first five 
years ? 
How did 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 45 



INDIAN MASSACRES 

102. There were two terrible Indian massacres Give the 

' date of the 

m the early part of the history of Virginia. The ^^^^ Indian 

^ ^ massacre. 

first was in 1622. 

103. The crafty chief of the Indians arranged Teii about 

•^ ^ ^ it. How 

that just at twelve o'clock of a certain day the ^in"d^^^^ 
savages should fall upon all the settlements of the 
white men at once. In this way three hundred 
and fifty men, women, and children fell under the 
murderous tomahawk ; and more would have per- 
ished if a friendly Indian had not taken the 
trouble to go through the woods and warn some 
of the settlements. 

104. This massacre roused the En owlish to ven- Teiihowthe 



&' 



colonists 



2:eance. They went in bands and burned the revenged 

^ ^ themselves. 

wigwams of the Indians, and followed the savages 
through the forest, killing all they met, and driv- 
ing the rest to the backwoods. 

105. The colonists of Virsrinia had peace for Give an ac- 

^ ^ count of the 

twelve years after this. Then the Indians ao^ain second mas- 

•^ c? sacre. 

swooped down on the scattered settlements. But 
this time the savages were so severely punished 
that at last they saw that it was useless to try 
to make headway against the colonists. 



46 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What great 
blessing did 
the Virgin- 
ians enjoy? 



How had 
the people 
been ruled ? 
Explain the 
change now 
made. 



What was 
the date of 
the first As- 
sembly ? 



When was 
another 
change 
made? 
What did 
Virginia 
now be- 
come ? 



THE GOVERNMENT OF VIRGINIA 

106. One of the greatest of blessings came to 
Virginia when the people were allowed a share in 
making their own laws. 

107. At first, the agents of the London Com- 
pany had ruled the people, and often treated them 
in a very tyrannical manner. But after twelve 
years (1619) the company allow^ed them to elect 
certain men called burgesses who were to meet 
and make laws for the inhabitants. 

108. The first Colonial Assembly met at James- 
town in 1619. Thus representative government 
was established in Virginia. 

109. There was another change in the govern- 
ment of Virginia, in 1624. The king of England 
took away from the London Company the control 
of matters in Virginia, and put it into the hands 
of a governor appointed by himself. Then the 
colony of Virginia became a i^oyal jjrovince. 



GROWTH OF VIRGINIA 



How long 
was it till 
Indepen- 
dence ? 



110. If you will count from 1624, when Virginia 
became a royal province, forward to 1776, you 
will find that it was just about one hundred and 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 47 

fifty years down to the Declaration of Inde- what of the 

colony all 

pendence. During this long period Virginia grew thiswwie? 
in numbers and in prosperity, and became a great 
and flourishing colony. 

HI. Slavery was an important institution in when was 

^ ^ slavery in- 

Virginia. It began there in 1620, when a Dutch troduced? 
ship brought a few negroes to Jamestown and the 
planters bought them as slaves. 

112. About this time the YirQ:inians beg-an to what plant 

^ ^ was now 

cultivate tobacco. There was soon a g-reat de- g^,"^:"'^°*J 

o what effect 

mand for it in Europe. This caused the planters ^i^^i^^ i^^^e? 
to buy large numbers of negroes, so that slavery 
increased very rapidly. 

113. In those days a number of the people did Teii what 

^ ^ '■ was thoucjht 

not think it right to hold slaves, but there were so about siav- 
many negroes in Virginia that the Virginians did 
not see what was to be done with them. Slavery 
lasted for nearly two hundred and fifty years. 

114. Virginia was called the "Old Dominion," why was 

^ Virginia 

because, during the civil war in England, two hun- f/*/^\^^;Vw 
dred years ago, when the king was deposed and 
put to death, the Virginians continued faithful 
to the royal cause, and spoke of their colony as 
the " Kings's Ancient Dominion." 



Old Do- 
minion"? 



48 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Why was it 115. Virginia was said to be "the best poor man's 

a good coun- " ^ 

dM"the^^e'(?-^ country in the world." The w^oods were full of 

pie raise? game and the waters of fish, and the soil was very 

fruitful. The people cultivated corn and tobacco 

and cotton, and exchanged what they raised for 

goods from England and the West Indies. 

Tell about 116. The Virginians were a very hospitable and 

tlie people. i i i i mi 

Compare noble-licarted people. They were much more free 

them with ^ ^ ^ ^ \ 

the Puritans, in their mauucrs and opinions than the Puritans 
of New England, of whom we shall soon learn. 
On the other hand, they had fewer large towns 
and could not pay so much attention to education. 



What can 
you say of 
British op- 
pression ? 



117. The people had to suffer often from the 
oppression of their British rulers. But this only 
trained them to a spirit of liberty. The result was 
that when the " alarm-bell of the Revolution " 
sounded, Virginia was one of the very first of the 
colonies to declare for independence. 



DAUGHTER COLONIES OF VIRGINIA 



What was 
the relation 
of Virginia 
to the other 
Southern 
colonies ? 



118. Virginia was the mother of most of the 
other Southern colonies, — the hive from which 
population went out to make new settlements in 
the various territories of the South. 



VIRGINIA AND THE SOUTHERN COLONIES 



49 



119. Maryland was orio-inally a part of Vir- Teiiofthe 

^ ^ r founding of 

ginia. It became a separate colony in 1632, when Maryland. 
the country around Chesapeake Bay was granted 
by the English king to Lord Baltimore. 



120. It was settled principally by Roman Cath- By whom 
olics. Maryland was one oi the hrst colonies m tied? For 

what was it 

which the people were al- noteworthy? 

lowed to think as they 

pleased in religious matters. 

The result was that it grew 

rapidly. 

121. Carolina was first 
settled by emigrants from 
Virginia. After a time the 
king of England gave the 

whole region of Carolina, North and South, to 
a number of English noblemen. The government 
at that time was not good, and therefore the 
people were very glad when these colonies were 
taken from the " proprietors " and made royal 
provinces. 




LORD BALTIMORE 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
early history 
of the Caro- 
linas. 



122. The Carolinas were rapidly settled by Eng- By whom 

WCrG tllGV 

lish, Irish, and Scotch, and by French Protestants settled? 
called Huguenots. 

SW. PRIM. HIST. — 4 



50 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell about 
the introduc- 
tion of rice. 



Tell about 
the North 
Carolinians. 



123. South Carolina was the first place in Amer- 
ica where rice was grown. It was introduced by 
a ship-captain, who brought some from Madagas- 
car. The rice-planters needed large numbers of 
field laborers -, hence slavery grew rapidly. 

124. The North-Carolinians drew most of their 
wealth from their great forests of pine, which 
yielded tar, turpentine, and rosin. They were an 
industrious and upright people. Hence they pros- 
pered. 



GEORGIA 



What can 

you say of 

thefounding ^ggj^ ColouicS. 

of Georgia ? 



Who was 
the leader? 
What was 
his object? 



125. Georgia was the last founded of the Thir- 
It was not settled till about forty 
years before the Declaration 
of Independence. 

126. The leader in found- 
ing Georgia was James Ogle- 
thorpe, a benevolent and 
noble-hearted man. His ob- 
ject was to establish a colony 
where oppressed debtors in 
England might find a refuge, 
and a chance to begin life over again. A grant 
was obtained from King George II., and the colony^ 
was named Georgia after him. 




JAMES OGLETHORPE 



NEW ENGLAND 51 

yill. NEW ENGLAND 

PLYMOUTH COLONY 

127. Pilgrim Fathers is the loving name by who were 
which the New Englanders cherish the memory Fathers? 
of the brave pioneers who left their native land, 

and souo-ht new homes in the wilds of America. 

128. The Pilgrims belong-ed to a sect which had To what sect 

^ ^ ^ did they be- 

arisen in England, called Puritans. These people i^^s^ 
did not like the forms of the Church of England. 
They wished for a much simpler mode of worship. 

129. It was by a Puritan congregation that the what colony 

•X T^ 1 rrn • ^'^^ begun 

first settlement m New Eno-land was made. This by the Puri- 

^ tans? 

was the beginning of Plymouth Colony, founded at 
Plymouth in 1620. 

130. They first moved to Holland, where thev in what 

country had 

lived several years in the town of Leyden ; but J.^ej been 
they did not ^like it, so they determined to seek 
free homes in the lands beyond the Atlantic. 

131. First they sailed back to Encrland, and Teiiwhat 

'^ . . o 7 they did. 

there took passage in a little craft called the May- Their num- 
floiver. There were one hundred and one j^t^rsons. 



52 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What did 
the Pilgrims 
do before 
landing ? 



Where and 
when did 
they land ? 



132. After a long and stormy passage, the frail 
bark neared the rock-bound coast of New England. 
Before the Pilgrims landed, they drew up laws for 
the common good, which all agreed to obey. They 
had to govern themselves, for they did not come 
out with any charter from the king. 

133. The coast was explored for some time, and 
finally it was resolved to land where Plymouth 
now is. The landing was made in 1620. 




A STREET SCENE IN LEYDEN 



What season 
was it ? 



134. It was the depth of a New England w^inter, 
and the ground was covered with snow. This was 
a cold welcome to receive in a new home, and you 



NEW ENGLAND 53 

may believe that it required stout hearts — and not Teii of their 

sufferings. 

only stout hearts, but a lofty faith — to enable 
them to bear up under their terrible sufferings and 
privations. During the winter one half of their 
number sickened and died. 

135. It was very fortunate that the Indians did what about 

the Indians ? 

not trouble them that season. In the spring they 
came in from the back country ; but they behaved 
in a very friendly wayo 

136. There was one unfriendly chief, named Give the 

*^ ^ story of 

Canonicus, who sent the settlers a rattlesnake-skin Canonicus. 
wrapped around a bundle of arrows. Governor Brad- 
ford returned the skin, filled with powder and ball, 
and Canonicus took the hint and kept the peace. 

137. After the first two or three years of trial Did the set- 

^ tiers do 

the settlers got along better. Th^y cleared away ^^Jj^^^Y 
the woods and raised crops of corn, and they 
found abundance of fish and game. 

138. The settlement now received the name of Name the 

colony. 

Plymouth Colony. It was small in numbers ; l^^^J^lll) 
but its success was very important, because it led 
to the founding of a much larger settlement, — 
the Massachusetts Bay Colony. 



54 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY 

139. Massachusetts Bay Colony was started by 
a number of wealthy Puritans, who formed a com- 
pany to make a settlement in New England. 

140. King Charles I. gave them a charter, in 
give them? 1629, granting them a large tract of land, and 

securing them the privileges of Englishmen. 



Who were 
the leaders 
in the Bay 
Colony ? 



What did 
the king 



How many 
Puritans 
came in 
1(>;50? 
Wliere did 
they settle? 
The govern- 
or? 



What be- 
came of 
Plymouth 
Colony ? 



141. The next year as many as fifteen hundred 
Puritans came over to America. They settled 
around Massachusetts Bay, and founded Boston, 

Dorchester, Salem, Lynn, 
and other places. John 
Winthrop, a wise and good 
man, was their governor. 




JOHN WINTHROP 



142. After a while Ply- 
mouth was united with 
Massachusetts Bay Colony. 
Both came under one gov- 
ernment, and the whole was called Massachusetts. 

143. We shall by and by learn something about 
Massachusetts history. But first we must learn 
how the people spread out from Massachusetts 
and formed other colonies in New England. 



NEW ENGLAND 



55 



CONNECTICUT 

144. Connecticut was first settled by emigrants wheii and 
from tlie Bay Colony, in 1636. The first band wasCon- 

•^ '^ necticut 

was headed by a Puritan pastor, named Hooker, settled? 

145. The emigrants made their way on foot Teiihow 

they jour- 
through the woods, guided by the compass, and neyed. 

living chiefly on the milk of the herds which they 

drove before them. 




HOOKER S PARTY JOURNEYING TO CONNECTICUT 



146. They settled Hartford, Wethersfield, and J^^\^.^^«/^^^^_ 
Windsor. At first they were under the pro tec- gif^^^n-"'^ 
tion of their mother colony, Massachusetts; but °^^^*^ 
they soon made a government of their own. 



56 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What other 
settlement 
was made ? 
What was 



147. Later another settlement ^vas made at New 
Haven. Subsequently both were united into one 



the colony^? ^olouy, and the whole became Connecticut. 



What led to 
the settle- 
ment of 
Rhode 
Island? 
Who was 
Roger 
WilUams ? 



Tell of his 
wanderinsrs. 



RHODE ISLAND 

148. The reason for the settlement of Rhode 
Island was the religious strictness of the Puri- 
tans. A clergyman named Roger Williams began 
to preach doctrines which the Puritans thought 
wrong; so they said he should be banished. 




WILLIAMS RECEIVED BY THE NARRAGANSETTS 

149. Roger AYilliams went all alone through 
the woods, and received friendly shelter for the 



NEW ENGLAND 57 

winter in the wigwams of the Indians. In the what place 

® . . . did he 

spring of 1636 the Indian chiefs gave him some found? 
hind at the head of Narragansett Bay. Here he 
founded Providence. 

150. Soon afterwards, a party of Williams's what other 

^ settlement 

friends moved to an island in the same bay, was made? 
called Rhode Island. The two settlements were 
afterwards united. 

151. Maine and New Hampshire became thinly what can 

^ you say of 

settled soon after the landina; of the Pilgrims. Maineand 

^ ^ r^ew Hamp- 

During a good part of colonial times they were ^^^"^^^ 
under the same government with Massachusetts. 



NEW ENGLAND LIFE AND GROWTH 

152. The cause of the settlement of Virginia compare the 

settlement 

was commercial adventure. The cause of the of Virginia 

and New 

settlement of New England w^as the desire for England, 
religious freedom. 

153. The Puritans were people of very strict what of the 

^ ^ 'J Puritans? 

principles. They thought their whole life and 
government should be regulated by the Bible. 

154. This fact ffave rise to many regulations y^a^^^id 

cJ JO tjjis lead to ? 

and customs which we should now consider ridicu- J^g^r^n^d 
lous or repulsive. On the other hand, the Puri- cha^ractlrf'" 



58 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Did they 
sometimes 
mistake 
their duty ? 
Give exam- 
ples of this. 



tans had wonderful heroism and were always 
governed by a sense of duty. 

155. But this sense of duty sometimes took a 
wrong direction. Thus an offense against religion 
was treated as a crime against the government. 
Several bad results followed from this. For exam- 




A SUSPECTED WITCH 



pie, they persecuted the Quakers. Later (1692), 
a strange delusion about witchcraft broke out, and 
a number of j)ersons were put to death because 
they were supposed to be '' possessed with devils." 

Name the 156. With the Indians, the people of New Eno;- 

two great 7 i i o 

Indian wars, land had many savage contests. The two greatest 
of these were known as the Pequot war and King 
Philip's war. 



NEW ENGLAND 59 

157. The Pequot war was waged in Connecticut Teiiof the 

Pequot war. 

the very first year after the settlement (163/). 
The matter was finally decided in this way : a 
band of armed men surprised the Indians inside 
of a palisade, and burned their wigwams. Nearly 
all the tribe perished in the flames. 

158. Kinor Philip's war broke out about fifty ofKing 

^ ^ Philip's war. 

years after the settlement of Massachusetts (1675). 
It began in Massachusetts ; but finally extended 
to almost all the settlements in New England, and 
lasted over a year. 

159. The principal fight, called the "Swamp Name the 
fig-ht," took place in Rhode Island. The Indians ami give the 

^ ' -^ , result. 

were completely defeated, losing one thousand 
men, and their crafty chief, King Philip. 

160. New Endand suffered from Indian attacks when did 

^ New Eng- 

for a long time after this. Especially was this the ^^^^^^J^f/f^^^^ 
case during three wars which the colonists, assisted i^^dians? 
by British forces, carried on against the French 
in Canada, who were aided by the Indians. 

161. In these wars the Indian allies of the How did the 

Indians 

French would swoop down on the scattered New attack? 
England settlements, and tomahawk men, women, 
and children, or carry them off into captivity. 



60 



PRIMAKY HISTORY 



Tell about 
their mode 
of warfare. 



162. Tlieir manner of warfare was very stealthy. 
They were ever present when a garrison or a 
family ceased its vigilance, and disappeared the 
moment the blow was struck. 




.-■iiiiii'Pil!, 



Relate the 
story of Mrs. 
Dustin. 



AN EARLY MORNING ATTACK BY INDIANS 

163. Once a brave woman took terrible ven- 
geance on the savages. Hannah Dnstin, of Ha- 
verhill, Massachusetts, with her nurse, and a boy, 
were carried off to an island in the Merrimac 
River. The boy said one day to his Indian master, 
" Where would you strike to kill instantly ? " The 
Indian, not suspecting his intention, told him just 



NEW ENGLAND 



61 



where and how to do it. Next night Mrs. Dustin, 
the boy, and the nurse rose secretly while the 
savages were asleep. There were twelve of them 
in the wigwam. Arming themselves with the 
tomahawks of the Indians, they killed ten of the 
twelve (leaving only a squaw and a boy), and, 
after long wandering, they reached their home 
in safety. 

164. The darkest days for New Erisrland were when were 

•^ ^ New Ens- 

when one of the En(ji;lish kino;s, named James the land's dark- 

o n ^ est days ? 

Second, took away their charters. These charters, peJj^if ^hei! 
you must know, were of great importance ; they charters? 
had been given to the colonies by 
former kings, and insured the colo- 
nists many j)rivileges, and espe- 
cially the privilege of governing 
themselves and making their own 
laws. 




165. Now, in 1685, King James, \- \ ^w»r what of 

, ,.T , . , (. SIR EDMUND ANDROS King Jamss 

who did not wish any tree govern- and the 

^ . tyrant he 

ment in his dominion, determined to take away sent out? 
their charters. He sent over a tyrant named An- 
dros to do this, and gave him power to rule over 
the people. Andros behaved in a very oppressive 
way, and made the people exceedingly unhappy. 



62 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What colony 
would not 
surrender its 
charter ? 
Tell about 
tlie Charter 
Oak. 



How was 
the rule of 
Andros 
ended ? 
AVere the 
liberties re- 
stored ? 



166. It is said that once, however, he was finely 
checkmated. He had commanded the people of 
Connecticut to surrender their charter ; but they 
would not obey. He then went to Hartford to seize 
the charter, but, the story goes, that while he was 
in the room the lights were suddenly put out, and 
the precious document w^as carried away by Cap- 
tain Wadsworth and hid in a tree, known from 

that time as the 
Charter Oak. 

167. Fortunately 
the rule of Andros 
lasted only two or 
three years ; for his 
royal master was 
driven from power, 
and a better mon- 
arch, King William, came to the throne. Then 
most of the liberties of New England were 
restored ; and the Charter Oak gave up its faded 
but precious treasure. 




THE CHARTER OAK. 



For what 
were the 
people 
noted ? 



168. The people of New England were noted 
for their industry, thrift, and good morals. After 
a time they became much less strict about little 
things than they had been at first. 



NEW ENGLAND 



63 



169, They were great lovers of education. Tliej ^^^^^^^^jfaM' 
took care to establish good schools. In Massa- fJ'^Massa?^ 
chusetts. Harvard College was founded in the in^counecti- 
early days. In Connecticut, Yale College was 
established soon afterwards. 

170. Our country owes a 2;reat deal to New what do we 

*^ ^ ^ owe to New 

England. Her hardy sons in after days began England? 
to spread out and people the Western wilder- 
ness, carrying with them steady habits, intelli- 
gence, enterprise, and the love of free government. 




70 v.«ji. del. 



64 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



IX. NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES 



Tell of the 
voyage of 
Hudson. 
What river 
did he dis- 
cover ? 



Who was 
Hudson? 
What did 
the Dutch 
claim? 
Name the 
colony. 



171. Sailing along the American coast in a little 
craft called the Half-Moon, a sea-captain named 
Henry Hudson entered the Narrows, and dropped 
anchor in the magnificent bay now called the 
Harbor of New York. This was ii> 1609, two 

years after the settlement 
of Jamestown. After a 
short stay, he sailed up 
the beautiful river Hud- 
son, which he was the first 
to discover, and which is 
named in his honor. 

172. Hudson was an 
Englishman ; but he was 
in the employ of the gov- 
ernment of Holland. Hence the Dutch claimed 
a right to the country between New England and 
Virginia. 




HENRY HUDSON 



They named it New Netherlands. 



Where was 173. Soiuc ycars after this, in 1623, the Dutch 

the first set- 

tiement Wcst India Companv sent out a number oi agents 

made? r J o 



NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES 



65 



and settlers to the island of Manhattan, or New Name the 

town. 

York Island. They bought the whole island from 
the Indians for about twenty-five dollars, and here 
they built a few rude houses » This was the begin- 
ning of the great city of New York. They called 
their town New Amsterdam. 




UYING MANHATTAN ISLAND 



174. Many Hollanders now began to emigrate 
to the Dutch colony. New Amsterdam be- 
came quite a trading-port. Far up the river they 
founded another trading-station called Fort Orange, 
— the beginning of the present city of Albany. 

175. The Dutch ruled New Netherlands for 
about forty years. After this the English took 
it. During this period there were four Dutch 
governors. The last of them was named Stuy- 
vesant. He did a great deal for the good of the 



Tell about 
the growth 
of the col- 
ony. What 
other place 
was 
founded ? 



How long 
was the 
Dutch rule? 
How many 
Dutch (r:oy- 
ernors ? 
What of the 
last? 



SW, PRIM. HIST. 



66 



PRIMARY IITSTORY 




What did 
the king say 
and do ? 



PETER STUYVESANT 



colony ; but at the same time he was a stubborn, 
cross-gramed old man, and did not believe in 
allowing the people much free- 
dom. 

176. This was very bad pol- 
icy ; for when an English fleet 
came along to seize New Am- 
sterdam, the people did not 
care to make any resistance. 

177. Let us now see how 
the English came to seize the 

Dutch colony. The English king, Charles II., said 
that the vv^hole country belonged to England ; so 
he gave it to his brother, the duke of York. 

Tell about 178. In 1664, the duke of York sent out a fleet 

the arrival . i i • 

of the fleet, to sccurc his colouy. When the ships appeared, 
the old Dutch governor, Stuyvesant, was furious 
at the people for not resisting. He would not 
sign the articles of surrender till the town w^as 
actually in the hands of the English. 

What was 179. Thus you see New Netherlands became an 

the colony 

now called? English colouy. Its name was changed to New 
York in honor of the king's brother, the duke of 
York and Albany. 



NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES 67 

180. After this, and down to the Revolution, with whom 

did the New 

the New Yorkers had a ffreat many disputes Yorkers 

^ c/ i have dis- 

with the governors sent out by the English kings, p^^^s? 
But the misrule of the governors could not hinder 
New York from becoming a great, wealthy, and 
populous colony. 

NEW JERSEY 

181. The first white inhabitants of New Jersey How was 

^ New Jersey 

were the Dutch, who made a little settlement settled? 
which they called Bergen, on the shore of New 
York Bay. At a later time many English colo- 
nists moved over to " the Jerseys," from Long 
Island and Connecticut. 

182. The soil of New Jersey formed part of when did 

^ ^ New Jersey 

the possessions which were given to the duke of En^^i™h^° 
York. It became a separate English colony about ^^^^^y^ 
the same time as New York. 

PENNSYLVANIA 

183. The name Pennsylvania means the Wood- ^pe^uViyu 
land of Penn. This noble man, William Penn, was mean ?' 

a member of the society of Friends, or Quakers. 

184. Now the kino; of Endand had owed Penn's How did 

. . . Penn get 

father, who was an admiral in the British navy, his land? 
a large sum of money. The son agreed to take 



68 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What was 
Penn's 
purpose ? 



When did 
he come ? 



What did 
he wish? 
Tell about 
the treaty. 
What of the 
Indians' 
love for 
Penn? 



What of 
Philadel- 
phia? 



as payment a great tract of land lying between 
New Jersey and Maryland. This received the 
name of Pennsylvania. 

185. Penn's idea in doing this was to provide 
free homes in America for all those of his Quaker 
brethren who wished to emigrate to a land where 
they might have their own mode of worship. 

186. A large number immediately crossed the 
Atlantic, and, in 1682, Penn himself came to the 
colony with two thousand settlers. 

187. The peace-loving founder of Pennsylvania 
was very anxious that his 
people should be good 
friends with the Indians. 
He met the native chiefs 
in a council, and made a 
treaty with them. The In- 
dians loved and respected 
the gentle-hearted Quaker, 
and the highest praise they 
could give a white man was 

to say that he resembled " Onas," — the name 
by which the Indians called Penn. 

188. Soon afterwards Penn laid out the city of 
Philadelphia, and gave it its name, which means 




WILLIAM PENN AT THE AGE OF 38 



NEW YORK AND THE MIDDLE COLONIES 



69 



hrotlierly love. He then returned to Eno;land, but ofPenn's 

^ ... heirs? 

he contmued to take a great interest in his colony. 
His heirs were the " proprietors " of Pennsylvania 
down to the Revolution. 

189. Delaware was oris^inally a part of the Teii about 

^ 'J ^ tlie found- 

grants made to Penn. It subsequently became jijfj^^are 
separated from Pennsylvania, but the two prov- 
inces were under the same governor down to the 
end of colonial times. 

190. Forty years before Penn came, a small Teii about 

"^ "^ ^ the Swedes, 

band of Swedes had settled on the Delaware River, -'^"^ the 

^ name "Del- 

near where the city of Wilmington now is. They a^^^^-" 
named their little colony " New Sweden," in re- 
membrance of their mother country. It is called 
Delaware in honor of an Englishman of that name. 




PENN'S THEATY WITH THE INDIANS 



70 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



X. THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 



Tell about 
the French 
settlements 
on the St. 
Lawrence 
and in the 
west. 



191. While our country still belonged to Eng- 
land, it had to carry on a severe struggle with the 
French in America. We must remember that 
about the time the English were settling Virginia 
and New England, the French were settling the 
northern country, — that is, along the gulf and 
river of St. Lawrence. They founded Quebec 
(1608) and Montreal. Gradually they spread 
westward along the great lakes with their trad- 
ing-posts and mission-stations. Father Marquette, 
in company with a fur-trader named Joliet, visited 
the Mississippi River near its source, ten years 
before La Salle sailed down that great river to the 
Gulf of Mexico, in 1682. New Orleans was 
founded soon afterwards. 



What did 
they claim? 
What did 
they then 
begin to do ? 



192. Finally the French claimed all the country 
watered by the Mississippi and the rivers that flow 
into it. Then they began to connect the New 
Orleans region (called Louisiana) with Canada by 
a chain of forts. In this way they tried to con- 
fine the English to the narrow strip of settlement 
along the Atlantic coast. 



THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 71 

193. In the early times, there were several wars Teiiof the 

wars with 

between the English and the French settlers. The the French. 
English invaded the French territories, Canada and 
Acadia (Nova Scotia), and the French swept down 
on New England and New York. 

191. These contests arose out of quarrels be- what 

caused these 

tween France and England, that did not really wars? 
have much to do with America. 

195. But at lenp!;th there came a ffreat trial of when was 

^ '-' the greatest 

strength. It is called the French and Indian of these 

o wars ? 

War. It began in 1755, and ended in 1763. 

196. This contest is of g;reat importance because why was 

^ ^ this war 

it decided that our country should belong to the important? 
English, and not to the French. 

197. The war besran by some Virginians settling ho^ did it 

o J o n begin? 

on the Ohio River, where they had bought a large 
tract of land, and meant to trade with the Indians. 

198. The French claimed that this part of the what did 

^ the French 

country belonged to them by right of discovery claim? 
and settlement. Virginia said it was her soil. 

199. Suddenly French soldiers marched down Teiiofthe 

^ movement 

from Canada to where the English had settled on of the 

~ French. 

the Ohio, and carried off some of the traders pris- 
oners. This was in 1753. 



72 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What did 200. When this was done. Governor Dinwiddle 

Didwiddie 

resolve on? of Virginia determined to send a messenger to the 
French commander, asking him what he meant, 
and telling him to march his soldiers away. 



Who was 
the messen- 
ger? 



Speak of the 
character of 
Washington. 



Tell about 
his journey. 
What did 
the French 
officer say ? 



201. The messenger chosen by Governor Din- 
widdie was a young Virginian named George 
Washington. 

202. Washington was at that time only twenty- 
one vears old : but he was even then remarkable 
for his wisdom, dignity, and courage. He had 
educated himself as a land-surveyor, and had 
acquired skill and patience and self-reliance. He 
had also been an officer in the Virginia militia. 

203. Accompanied by two or three attendants, 
Washington made his way through the unbroken 
wilderness, till at last he reached the French head- 
quarters and delivered to the commander a letter 
from the governor of Virginia. The French officer 
refused to leave the country, and with this answer 
Washino;ton set out to return. 



Give an 204. The liorses which the party had brought 

account of ^ _ j- »/ o 

the return, with thciu had givcu out, SO there was no way for 
them but to return on foot. The day after Christ- 
mas, Washington, wrapping himself up in an 



THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 



73 



Indian dress, with liis gun in his hand and his 
pack on his back, set out through the woods by 
the nearest way to the forks of the Ohio. He 
had but one companion. 

205. It was a perilous journey. In passing Teii^some 
through the forest, an Indian, lying in wait, shot journey. 




AN INCIDENT OF WASHINGTON'S RETURN 



at Washington, but missed his aim. When they 
got to the Alleghany River they spent a whole 
day making a raft, which they launched. Before 
they w^ere half over the stream, they w^ere caught 
in the running ice, and could not reach either 



74 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



shore. Putting out a pole to stop the raft, Wash- 
ington was jerked into the deep water, and saved 
himself only by grasping at the raft-logs. Finally 
they managed to reach an island, where they 
stayed all night, and in the morning the river 
had frozen over ; so they were able to cross it. 

What did 206. When Governor Dinwiddle received the 

Dinwiddle 

now do? message brought back by Washington, he raised 
four hundred troops, and sent them under Wash- 
ington against the French on the Ohio. 



Where were 
the French 
fortified ? 
Tell abont 
the march 
and the 
fight. 



207. The French had built a fort named Fort 
Duquesne at the spot where Pittsburg now is. 
Washington's army made a long, wearisome march 
towards this place. Before they reached it, they 
were met by a party of French at a place called 
Great Meadows. Washington defeated this party. 



208. Afterwards the main body of the French 

Washington made 
a very gallant fight, but was forced to surrender. 



What after- 
wards took , . „ 

place? came down on the little force 



What did 209. The Eng^lish government now saw that it 

the English . 

government -^y^g ncccssary to comc in and help the colonists 
^enerai^^^^ couqucr the French. Accordingly the next year 

(1755), General Braddock, with a force of British 

regulars, was sent out to America. 



THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 



75 



210. The first thino; Braddock did was to march what was 

^ ^ his first act? 

ao-ainst Fort Duquesne. Braddock, thousrh io-no- >vhatofhis 

•^ ^ ^ o o Ignorance 

rant of Indian warfare, would not take Washing- nacy?^^^' 
ton's advice. 

211. The result was that the British force was whathap- 

peued in 

suddenly ambushed by the Indians and French, q^ente? 




who fired, unseen, 
^^//7 from behind trees and 
- .;^ A' rocks. The British 
regulars, not being 
used to this kind of 
warfare, were routed. 
Braddock was killed. 
It was only by Washington's coolness that the 
troops were able to retreat and reach Philadelphia. 



^-^t 



76 PRIMARY HISTORY 

Tell what 212. The British now saw that it would require 

took place 

the next yerv hard fig-htino: to beat the French, so they 

two or three ^ o o ' j 

years. ^^^^^ Qygj, ^ large army. There was a great deal 

of fighting for the next two or three years. 

Tell of Pitt. 213. But the war was not well carried on till 

Name the 

mostde- the o-reat Eno-lish statesman, William Pitt, took 

cisive event. o o ? ^ 

charge of it. This was in 1759. The most 
decisive event of the war was the capture of 
Quebec, on the St. Lawrence River. 

What is said 214. The French looked upon Quebec as one 

of Quebec? i ^ 

mander? ^^ ^^'^ strougcst placcs in the world. The citadel 
was built upon a high rock, so steep that no 
enemy could climb it. It was defended by a great 
many large cannon, and by a powerful French 
garrison, commanded by General Montcalm. 

Tell about 215. The force to take Quebec was put under 

the beg] li- 
ning of the a brave youns^ Eno^lish o:eneral named Wolfe. It 

expedition. ./ o o o 

consisted of Americans and British regulars, and 
sailed from Halifax to the St. Lawrence. 

What bold 216. Wolfe beg:an by trying; various unsuccess- 

plan did o J »/ o 

Wolfe think i^ plans to take Quebec. At last he hit upon a 
plan so bold that the French never dreamed of 
it. He found that there was a place above Quebec 
where his troops might climb up the steep to the 
plains back of the city. 



THE STRUGGLE WITH THE FRENCH 77 

217. Accordingly, he had the ships sail up Teiihowit 

^ ^ ^ J- J- was earned 

the St. Lawrence ; then at night the troops °"^- 
dropped silently down stream in boats, to the spot 
selected, and known ever since as Wolfe's Cove. 
In the dark hours the soldiers secretly scaled the 
precipice. The morning light revealed to Mont- 
calm the whole British force drawn up in battle 
array on the plain. 

218. As quickly as possible, the French com- Give an out- 
mander went out to meet the English. The battle ^'^"^®- 
began at ten o'clock, September 13, 1759. It 

was fought with great bravery on both sides; 
but the solid charges of the British grenadiers 
broke the ranks of the French, who finally gave w^ay. 

219. General Wolfe was mortally wounded. How did 

^ Wolfe die? 

While he lay on the ground he heard some one Montcalm? 
say, " They fly." " Who fly ? " asked the dying 
hero. *' The French," was the answer. ^' Then," 
said he, '^ I die in peace." Montcalm also was 
fatally wounded. 

220. The capture of Quebec showed the French when was 

^ the war 

that they could not stand against the English in ^gif^j^j^^ 
America. The war was closed by the treaty of upf°^® ^^^^ 
Paris, signed in 1763, and France surrendered to 
the English all her American possessions. 



78 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



XL A REVIEW LESSON 



1. We have just finished lohat period 
of our coimtry's history? 

The period of the colonies. 

2. What time does this period cover? 

From the founding of the first colo- 
nies at Jamestown, in 1607, and at 
Plymouth, in 1620, down to the 
breaking out of the Revolutionary- 
War and the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, 1775-76. 

3. What loere the tioo mother colonies? 
Virginia and Massachusetts. 

4. Why do loe call these mother colo- 
nies ? 

Because most of the other colonies 
were daughters, or offshoots, from 
these. It was from Virginia that 
most of the South w^as colonized. It 
was from Massachusetts that peoj^le 
spread out all over New England. 

5. What other colonies loere there ? 

The middle colonies, including 
New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
and Delaware. 

6. What can you say of Neio York and 
New Jersey ? 



They originally belonged to the 
Dutch, and were called New Neth- 
erlands. 

7. When did that region fall into the 
hands of the English ? 

In 1664, when the duke of York 
sent out a fleet and compelled the 
Dutch to surrender. Then began the 
two colonies of New York and New- 
Jersey. 

8. How did Pennsylvania come to he 
founded? 

The territory of Pennsylvania was 
granted to William Penn, who in 
1682 founded a settlement of English 
Quakers. 

9. Under whose rule loere these colonies ? 

Under the rule of Great Britain, 

and governed by British governors. 

10. What was the French and Indian 
War? 

A struggle to decide whether the 
French or the English should govern 
America. It ended by a treaty in 
favor of the English, in 1763. 




THE BOSTON MASSACRE 



PART II 

THE AMEBIC AK EEVOLUTIOM 



o-iH^c 



XII. WHY THE COLONIES. REVOLTED 

221. It is now more than one hundred years Jj;^^^jjj^^^i^!« 
since onr forefathers rose np against British op- "^^l^^^' 
pression, and after a struggle of seven long years 
won the independence of our country. More than 
a century has gone by, and those who fought that 
good fight have passed away, but still our hearts 
must ever beat with patriotic emotion at the 

79 



80 PRIMARY HISTORY 

words "American Revolution/' because it was 
through the sufferings and sacrifices of that strug- 
gle that our country became the United States. 

What is 222. In the countries of Europe from which the 

said about 

government scttlcrs of America came, it was said that the 

in Europe? ^ 

oTir^ore-^ pcoplc could uot govcm tliemsclves, and that 
fin^d?^ kings had a "divine right" to rule over them. 
But when our forefathers came to America they 
were compelled to govern themselves. Very soon 
they found that they could make better laws than 
the king could make for them. Thus there was 
independence in the very air of America. 

wiiat was 223. This was the deep cause of the revolt of the 

the cause of ^ 

the revolt? colouics : Provideucc designed that on this conti- 
nent should be seen an example of democratic 
government, which means government " of the 
people, hy the people, /or the people." 

What other 224. But bcsidcs this dee23 cause, there was 
there? another reason why the Americans revolted. They 

said they would not submit to certain unjust laws 

made by the English. 

What law 225. The British rulers, so as to get money out 

Give the of the pcoplc of the colonies, passed a law that no 

name of this i r ^ i 

law. writing, such as a note or bond or deed, should be 



WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED 81 

considered good in the courts unless it was written 
on paper that was stamped. The stamped paper 
had to be bought at a high price, and this law was 
called the Stamp Act. 

226. In our own times, only a few years ao;o, why do we 

^ J J o ' not object to 

all notes and deeds had to be stamped. But the such taxes? 
people made this law themselves^ — that is, the 
law was made for the public good, by members of 
Congress, or representatives who were elected by 
the people, hence nobody objected to it. 

227. The people of the colonies did not object ^gf^jonigts 
to paying taxes, but they claimed that they ought [^aiiy object 
not to be taxed without being consulted as to the 

reason for and the amount of the tax. As the 
British government would not allow the American 
colonists to have any voice in Parliament, the 
colonists said that such taxation was against all 
the principles of liberty. 

228. The Stamp Act was passed in 1765. The J^^^^J^^l 
colonists thought it was a petty trick, intended what'dTd^^ 
to make them pay taxes whether they would or do? 
not. Hence they determined that they would 
not use the stamps. Public meetings were held 
all over the country ; and in various ways the 
people showed their indignation. 

8W. PKIM. HIST. — 6 



the people 



82 PRIMARY HISTORY 

What was 229. The result Wcas that when the British 

the effect? 

government saw the terrible storm which the 
Stamp Act had raised in America, it had sense 
enough to do away with it. 

Did the 230. But the British Q:overnment did not srive 

British give *-' ^-^ 

ciaim^?^ up its clawi of a right to tax the Americans ; so, 
the u^i^t^^ two years after this, a law was passed obliging 
the colonists to pay a duty on imported glass, 
tea, paper, and certain other articles. The 
Americans retaliated by not buying any of the 
taxed goods. 

What did 231. Then the kino; of Endand said the Ameri- 

the king say *-• *=' 

What of the ^^^'^ were rebels, and he sent out large numbers 

soldiers? ^£ troops to ovcrawe the people. These soldiers 

were stationed in New York, Boston, and other 

cities, and the people were forced to furnish them 

with quarters and fuel. 

NewYori? ^^^' ^^^ ^^^ imagine how they hated the 

not. u pedcoats," and it was not long before collisions 

began. In New York there was a riot, in which 

one man was killed by the soldiers and several 

were wounded. 

Of the Bos- 233. In Boston, also, there was a street en- 

tou Massa- ^ . ^ 

^'®- counter between the citizens and some British 

troops, and several patriots were killed or 



I 



WHY THE COLONIES REVOLTED 83 

wounded. Both these riots took place in 1770; S^g^^rTotr? 
the one in New York in January, and the Boston 
Massacre in March. They caused tremendous 
excitement all over the country. 

2U. When the British rulers saw that the Onwhat 

was the tax 

Americans were in earnest, they grew alarmed, ^^^^^ ^^^^^ 
and took off the taxes, — all except the tax on 
tea. They left the tax on tea just to show that 
they still claimed the right to tax the people. 

235. Now what do you suppose the people did ? J^^^ ^r^^Jiess 
Why, they did not import any tea. Then the controversy, 
great India Tea Company of London sent out 
ship-loads of tea on its own account, thinking 

the people would want the tea so much that they 
would be glad to pay the small duty, — only 
threepence a pound. 

236. But the patriots were not to be tricked ^^^^^^''^p^g^^'' 
in this way. It was the ^;?'znc//9?e of the tax P^etake? 
they would not submit to. Hence they would 

not let the tea-ships land, but sent them back. 

237. At Boston three ships full of tea arrived. Boston -^tea- 
The British authorities were too strong for the P^^^y-" 
people to force the ships to leave ; so after dark, 

one night, a party of men, disguised as Indians, 



84 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



How did 

England 
retaliate ? 
What was 
the effect 
of this ? 



What did 
the colonists 
now think 
of? Tell 
about the 
Continental 
Congress. 



What did 
the patriots 
at last see ? 



went on board, broke open the tea-chests, and 
pitched the tea overboard into the harbor. This 
was in December, 1773. 

238. As soon as the British government heard 
of this, it determined to punish Boston by for- 
bidding any kind of goods to be hmded there. 
This caused great distress in Boston, but like 
other unjust laws, it did more harm than good. 
It showed the country how^ base the British 
rulers were, and united the people against them. 

239. It was such experiences as these that first 
made the colonists think of armed resistance. 
But before acting they resolved to consult to- 
gether. In September, 1774, delegates — that is, 
chosen spokesmen — from the colonies met at 
Philadelphia. This was what is called the first 
Continental Congress. The Congress made a 
"Declaration of Rights," and sent a petition to 
the king and to Parliament. 

240. Even then, if the English government had 
been wise, the trouble might all have been settled. 
But it seemed as though Providence had made 
the British rulers blind. They w^ere resolved to 
force the colonies into submission. Then, at last^ 
the patriots saw that they must fight. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 85 



XIII. CAMPAIGNS AND BATTLES OF THE 
REVOLUTIONARY WAR 

OPERATIONS AROUND BOSTON 

241. The war of the Revolution began in Mas- where did 

the war 

sachusetts. The first outbreak was in 1775, iust begin and 

^ •* when? 

ten years after the passage of the Stamp Act. 

242. In the spring of that year Boston was who held 
occupied by two or three thousand British soldiers, 

who had been sent there to overawe the patriots. 
General Gage, whom the king had made governor 
of Massachusetts, was at their head. 

243. In the mean time the people had not been ^^^* p^^p- 

^ -t arations for 

idle. When they saw that the king was bent on E'^p'^op^e 
forcing them to obey his unjust laws, they began who'tfok 
to make serious preparations for war. They pro- 
vided themselves with guns and powder and ball, 
and they formed military companies, to be ready 
at a minute's warning. This is the reason why 
these companies were called " minute-men." A 
committee of safety, consisting of the wisest and 
best men of the patriots, took the lead in all these 
preparations. 



86 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell how the 
first battle 
happened. 



Give the 
story of the 
march on 
CoDcord. 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
battle, of the 
retreat of 
the British, 
and of their 
pursuit by 
the Ameri- 
cans. 



LEXINGTON 

244. The first fight of the war was the battle 
of Lexington. It happened in this way : General 
Gage sent some troops to destroy a lot of military 
stores which were at Concord. The patriots, hear- 
ing of this, called out the minute-men. 

245. On the morning of the 19th of April, 1775, 
the British troops reached Lexington on their way 
to Concord. Here they met a small party of 
Americans and killed several of them. They 
then went on towards Concord and destroyed the 
military stores at that place. 

246. AVhile the British were about this business 
the militia began to muster in force from the sur- 
rounding country, and they attacked the enemy at 
Concord Bridge. The red-coats were so severely 
worsted that they retreated towards Boston. The 
Americans followed ; and it was a long running 
fight, in which two hundred of the British were 
killed or wounded. 



BUNKER niLL 



247. The news of the fight at Lexington set 
the news of h^q wliolc couiitiy in a blaze. Twenty thousand 



What was 
the effect of 



Lexington 



patriots surrounded the British army in Boston. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



87 



24:8. The first important action was the battle 
of Bunker Hill, June 17, 1775. Bunker Hill and 




Find Boston 
ou the map. 



Find 
Charles- 
town. 



What river 
is between 
them? 



Where is 
Breeds Hill ? 



Where is 

Bunker 

Hill? 



Remember 
that the 
battle was 
fonoht, not 
on Bunker 
Hill, but on 
Breeds Hill. 



THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL 



Breeds Hill, where the fidit really took place, are Name the 

, first im- 

on a neck of land opposite Boston. A part of the portant 

-•• *■ ^ action. Tell 

American army occupied the place, and erected Jl^j^t^Jap- 

a fort. The British officer sent over a force in p®"^^^* 
boats from Boston to take this fort. The result 
was the battle of Bunker Hill, of which this is 
a map. 



88 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What can 249. It was a very hard fight. The British won 

you say of . 

the battle the day because they were stronger in number, and 
fluence? ^he Americans lacked ammunition. But the result 
was as good as a victory for the patriots, because 
it thoroughly aroused the whole country. 

WASHINGTON CHOSEN COMMANDER 

What im- 250. A little while before the battle of Bunker 

portant ^ • /-n 

meeting had Hill, the Continental Congress, which consisted 
place? Qf representatives from all the Colonies, had met 

again. This Congress was really the government 
of the United Colonies, as they were called. 



What did 
Congress 
do? When 
and where 
did Wash- 
ington take 
command ? 



251. Congress voted to raise an army of twenty 
thousand men, and it chose George Washington as 
commander-in-chief of the American army. Wash- 
ington went to Cambridge, near Boston, and there 
took command of the forces, just two weeks after 
the battle of Bunker Hill. The great elm under 
which he took command is still standing-. 



What is said 
of the Amer- 
ican army ? 
What was 
Washing- 
ton's plan? 



252. The American army was made up of brave, 
patriotic men, who were determined to fight for 
their country. But most of them were ignorant 
of war, and they were very poorly supplied with 
many things needed, especially powder. Hence 
Washington thought it was best to begin by teach- 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 89 

ing them the art of war. Some people, wise in 
their own conceit, said he ought to rush right on 
the British in Boston ; but he knew better. 

253. Washington hemmed in the British so what did 

_ ^ Washington 

closely in Boston during the winter, that they ^o? Teii 
came near starving, and were forced to ask Boston ^^^^ 
Washington to let them leave Boston. To this 
Washino-ton consented. Then the British force 
sailed away to Halifax, and the Americans marched 
into Boston, — to the great joy of the people. 

THE ATTACK ON CHARLESTON 

254. While the British were still occupyino; Bos- To what 

^'^ ^ point did the 

ton, thev sent a force in ships to attack Charleston, British now 

^ J J- ^ send troops? 

in South Carolina. Bat Washington found out the 
plan, and sent General Lee to meet them. 

255. When the British fleet arrived off Charles- l^^at!\5u- 

dered the 

ton, it was found that the ships could not get into froJj^^etth^l 
the harbor on account of a strong fort which the about^the 
patriots had built of earth and palmetto-logs. nTeut.^"^ " 
Then a tremendous bombardment of the fort w^as 
beg^un. The balls buried themselves in the soft 
palmetto-wood, and did little harm. On the other 
hand, the shot from the fort swept the decks of 
the British ships and played fearful havoc. 



90 PRIMARY HISTORY 

Repeat the 256. A brave young sergeant named Jasper 
Jasper. distinguished himself very much during this fight. 
One of the enemy's shot cut down the flag-staff 
from which the colors of the patriots floated 
proudly. Jasper leaped over the breastwork, amid 
a storm of bullets, seized the flag, and, fastening it 
to a ramrod, placed it once more on the fort. 

Give the re- 257. The British continued the fidit the whole 

suit of the , ^ 

fig^t- day. A large number of their men were wounded, 

and many of their ships were disabled ; but they 
could not take the fort. So they sailed away. 



WASHINGTON MOVES TO NEW YORK 



now resolve 
to go? 



Where did 258. Soou after the British evacuated Boston., 

Washington 

Washington, who did not know they were going 
to Halifax, but feared that they might attack 
New York City, determined at once to move his 
own army to that place. 

Give an ac- 259. Washino^ton left men enoudi to see that 

count of his <^ ~ 

going. ^YiQ British should not take Boston again, and then 

he moved most of his army to New York. He 
began to arrange the defenses of that city ; that 
is, to build forts near the city and on Long Island 
and up the Hudson River. 



THE REYOLUTIONAKY WAR 91 

260. The opening campaign of the war — which fi^gwas^'the 
we may call the campaign in Massachusetts — paf^nTsuc- 
had been successful for the Americans. Now see 
if you can remember its principal events : 

1. Battle of Lexington in April, 1775. ^^entl'"^' 

2. Battle of Bunker Hill in June, 1775. 

3. Washington takes command of the army in 
July and besieges the British all winter. 

4. Evacuation of Boston by the British, in 
March, 1776. 

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 



261. Very soon after Washing:ton reached New what great 

J o event now 

York an event took place that was far more impor- took place? 
tant than any battle. This was the adoption of 
the Declaration of Independence. 

262. Why do we every year celebrate the 4th 
of July ? It is because on that day this country 
became a nation : it threw off the shackles of 
colonial dependence. 

263. The Declaration of Independence was put who put 

^ -^ forth the 

forth by the Continental Congress, which, as you JJ^,f?'%^i^o 
have already learned, was the real government when wL it 
of our country at that time. It was written by ^"^^^^^ 
Thomas Jefferson, who was a member of Congress, 



92 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell what 
took place 
when the 
Declaration 
was an- 
nounced. 



and who was afterwards President of the United 
States. The Declaration was adopted on the 4th 
of July, 1776. 

264. The Continental Congress was at this time 
assembled at Philadelphia. When it was an- 
nounced that the Declaration had really been 
adopted, the old bellman, in the tower of Inde- 
pendence Hall, grasped the tongue of the great 
bell and hurled it forward and backward a hun- 
dred times, its voice proclaiming " liberty through- 
out all the land, unto all the inhabitants thereof." 
The patriots answered with bonfires and cannon. 



Where were 
Washing- 
ton and his 
army ? 
Where and 
when did the 
British 
land? 



Where 
were the 
American 
intrench- 
ments? 



THE CAMPAIGN IN NEW YORK 

265. You remember that Washington moved 
his army to New York after the British left 
Boston. The British now determined to attack 
New York. In the month of August, 1776, they 
landed on Long Island. There was a large army 
of British regulars besides some troops called Hes- 
sians, whom the English king had hired to fight 
against America. 

266. The Americans had thrown up intrench- 
ments on Long Island, where Brooklyn now 
stands. The British advanced and attacked the 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 93 

Americans^ who were beaten in the battle. Some Sfe^bkuia 
say the Americans did not manage very well ; but 
at any rate the enemy was far stronger in numbers. 

267. Washington, who had crossed from New Yashins- 
York during the battle, saw with grief that the an"Jcco^'nf 
field was lost. The Americans got back to their treat, 
fort on Brooklyn Heights, and defended them- 
selves there till the third night. Then Washing- 
ton very wisely withdrew the army in boats over 

to New York. There was a thick fog, and the 
boats were rowed with muffled oars. 

268. In New York Citv, WashinQ:ton did not CouidWash- 

'^ ^ ^ i nekton hold 

feel strong enough to risk a battle. He therefore ^*;;;7„^g^J/ 
retreated up the island, and the British succeeded took place? 
in capturing Fort Washington, Avhich was a very 
heavy loss to the patriots. There was nothing left 
for them but to retreat through New Jersey, and 
get behind the Delaware River. 

THE RETREAT THROUGH NEW JERSEY 

269. The patriot army was now thinned in num- DidtheBrit- 

^ ^ ^ ^ ish pursue ? 

bers, and greatly discouraged. The British pur- .gP^g^in^sof 
sued them, so the Americans had to retreat through ^^'^ patriots. 
New Jersey. They were ragged and barefooted, 
and many a soldier, as he trudged along, left the 
bloody prints of his feet on the ground. 



94 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



270. Washington conducted the retreat with 
The enemy were not able to 
catch up with him. In this way he got down to 
the Delaware River, which he crossed into Penn- 
sylvania. As he took care to secure all the boats, 
the British could not cross when they got there. 
So Lord Cornwall is, the English general, resolved 
to wait till the Delaware should be frozen over. 



Tell about 

Behindwhat wOudcrful skill 

river did 

Washing- 

tou retire? 

Could the 

British 

cross? 




SURPRISE OF THE HESSAN3 AT TRENTON 



THE VICTORY AT TRENTON 

Did the 271. Very soon after this, Washington gave 

British cross i-r,..i it tt i ■ i c 

the Deia- tlic British a blow that made them think oi some- 
ware ? 

thing else than crossing the Delaware. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 95 

272. On the nidit of Christmas, 1776, Wash- whcndid 
ington with a picked force crossed that river and Ji'verrwhy 
suddenly fell upon a large body of Hessians at Sessiant 
Trenton. They had been carousing during Christ- ^^^^"^^ 
mas night, and were completely surprised when 

they discovered that they were prisoners. 

273. A few days after this, Washington de- where did 

'J ' o the Amen- 

feated another body of the British at Princeton, anoth^r^-ic- 
Now the tables were completely turned. The ^°^^^ 
enemy had to fall back and give up nearly the 
whole of New Jersey. 

THE PENNSYLVANIA CAMPAIGN 

274. The object of the campaign of 1777 was what was 
the capture of Philadelpliia by the British. pa^n of 

1777? 

275. The British sreneral put his troops on board where did 

^ ^ -"^ the British 

ships, and sailed to Chesapeake Bay. Washington \^J^^^]^^^' 
marched his army down into Pennsylvania, and re^u^^of^the 
the two forces met at Brandy wine Creek. Here Brandy-^ *^^ 
the Americans were defeated (September 11) 
and the British took Philadelphia. 

276. In fact, all the operations in Pennsylvania 
turned out badly for the Americans. At the end ^Tte^r^'quar- 
of that year, 1777, they took up their winter 
quarters at Valley Forge. 



wine. 



AVhere did 
the Anieri- 



96 PRIMARY HISTORY 

What is said 277. Tliose were dark days for the patriot army, 

of times at j r y ^ 

vauey^ — ^}^g darkest of the war. The soldiers were mis- 
erably fed, and not half clothed. Many of them 
had no blankets or shoes. They had to keep 
themselves as warm as they coidd in their little 
huts or around the scanty camp-fires. 



BURGOYNE S CAMPAIGN 

Where were 278. While Washington was ene^ao;ed with the 

great events ^ . 

happening ^ British in Pennsylvania, events of great importance 
were happening in the northern part of New York. 

^rmsh*^ *^® 279. In the spring of 1777, General Burgoyne, 
Canada?™ ^ famous English officer, set out from Canada with 
toe Britfsh a splcudid army. He was to go to Albany by way 
^^" of Lake Champlain. At Albany he was to be 

joined by another British force, which was to 
march up from New York City to meet him. This 
was a grand plan of the British to cut the " rebel- 
lion " in two, — separating New England from the 
rest of the country. 

h^NeV^York ^^^* "^^^^ British army, after much trouble, got 
?jh reach f" ^s far south as Fort Edward on the Hudson Eiver. 
Sted^the The advance of the enemy had been skillfully re- 
sisted by the brave American General Schuyler. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 97 

Soon afterwards the command of the American who was 

made corn- 
army was assigned to General Gates. mander? 

281. While Burgoyne was at Fort Edward, he Teii about 

^ %J J the expedi- 

heard that the Americans had a large amount of ^^igfou^^^' 
stores at Bennington. He sent a force to seize 
them, which was met by Major Stark. 

282. The British met a terrible defeat, and what was 

^ the result ? 

several hundred of them were taken. It is told ^o^y ^f 
that in the fight Major Stark animated his soldiers ^*^^^' 
by exclaiming, " See there, men ! there are the 
red-coats ! before night they are ours, or MoUie 
Stark's a widow ! " 

283. The main body of the Americans was at where was 

the Ameri- 

this time near the town of Stillwater, on the Hud- ^anarmy? 

Where and 

son. Burgoyne advanced with his army and be- X^^^Y^^r 
gan the attack. Two severe battles took place bought? 
at Bemis Heights, — the first on the 1 9th of Sep- 
tember, the second on the 7th of October, 1777. 
The British lost very heavily. 

284. Burgoyne now retreated to Saratoga. He where did 

Burgoyne 

would have been very fflad to escape to Canada, retreat? 

•^ ^ ^ Tell about 

But the American army hemmed the British in. thesur- 

^ render. 

The result was a great victory. Burgoyne, with 
his army of six thousand men, surrendered to 
General Gates, October 17, 1777. 

SW. PKIM. HIST. 7 



98 PRIMARY HISTORY 

What effect 285. The news of the victory in the North 

did this VIC- ^ 

mi washhitr- greatly cheered the hearts of Washington and his 
ton's men?' g^ff^^i^g men at Valley Forge. When the de- 
spatch came with the good tidings, he fell upon 
his knees, clasped his hands, and poured out his 
thanksgiving to the Almighty. 

THE FRENCH AID AMERICA 

What cheer- 286. The ucxt Spring (1778) a very cheering 
m8?° Who ^^i^g happened for America. The king of France 
S?^^^ agreed to help the Americans with ships and sol- 
diers and money. This was arranged by Benja- 
min Franklin, who had been sent over to ask the 
aid of the French. 



ENGLAND ASKS FOR PEACE 

What did 287. When the British rulers heard of the sur- 

the British 

now do? render of Burgoyne and what the French were 
going to do, they grew very anxious for peace. 
They sent over persons called commissioners, to 
say to the Americans that they would give up all 
claim to tax them, and allow them to send repre- 
sentatives to Parliament. 

Why did not 288. Conffress refused to listen to the proposal. 

Congress ° ^ ^ 

heed the The offcr had come too late. 

offer? 



J 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 99 



THE SCENE SHIFTS 

289. The French were as good as their word. Did the 

'-' French keep 



their 
promise ? 



They immediately fitted out a large fleet with sev- 
eral thousand troops, and sent them over to help the Engilh 
the Americans in the summer of 1778. The Eng- dld^'tL^^^^ 
lish were now afraid that the French ships would 
come up the Delaware River, and shut them up 
in Philadelphia. Hence the British commander 
began to march his army to New York. 

290. Washino-ton, with his troops, forsook his where did % 

^^ ^ ^ fishttake 

loMuts at Vallev Forg-e, and pursued. There p\ace, and 

^ ^ o y L what was 

was a fight at Monmouth, in which the Americans \v^ere"dM 
were the victors. But the British succeeded in now^Ttti? 
reaching New York. The American army now ^^^"^ 
encamped at White Plains, near New York City. 

291. Soon afterwards the French fleet arrived; what of th© 

' French 

but it did nothing that season, and at the end of ^^^^^ 
the year it sailed for the West Indies. 

THE MASSACRE OF WYOMING 



292. Nothing else that you need to remember whatmas- 

. 1 H K sacre is no^ 

happened durmg the year 1778, except what is spoken of? 
called the Massacre of Wyoming. This was a 
beautiful valley in Pennsylvania. 



100 



PRIMAKY HISTORY 



Tell about 
it. 



How did 

Washington 
avenge this 
deed? 



293. A large party of Tories (as the American 
royalists were called) were angry because many of 
the men of Wyoming had gone to help Washing- 
ton. They joined with them a number of Indians, 
and attacked the peaceful inhabitants. All but 
sixty out of four hundred men were massacred. 
The women and children were scalped, and the 
houses and barns and crops were burned, leaving 
the beautiful vale a scene of utter desolation. 

294. Washington punished the Indians severely. 
A short time afterwards he sent a force that 
attacked and defeated the savages in Pennsyl- 
vania and Western New York, and burned forty 
of their villages. 



THE WAR IN THE SOUTH 



Where was 
the war car- 



295. From the year 1779 the war was carried 

ned on after q^^ alinost entirely in the South. At first the 
British were the most successful. They took the 
city of Savannah, and overran the whole of 
Georgia. Charleston surrendered next, May, 
1780. Then they had control of South Carolina. 



Tell of two 
successes of 
the British. 



Tell about 
Marion and 
Sumter. 



29G. Yet the British did not have everything 
their own way. A number of dashing leaders 
arose, like Marion and Sumter and Lee, who, by 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 101 

their rapid and brilliant movements, annoyed the 
British terribly. With small bands of daring 
spirits, they would dash suddenly on detachments 
of the enemy, and cut them off. 

297. Durino^ the summer of 1780, Cono^ress sent when was 

o " o an army 

an army to South Carolina, under General Gates, xe'iifboul;*^ 
A great battle took place at Camden, August 16. camden.^" 
Here the Americans were very badly defeated, ceeded" " 

, • 1 1 -. /^ -. Gates? 

losmg about two thousand men. Gates retreated 
rapidly into North Carolina. Soon afterwards. 
General Greene was put in command of the 
Southern army. 

298. In 1781 the Americans began to have some ^iJ^e^^^^^a""^ 
success at the South. The first success was at Cow- suecesf? 
pens, South Carolina, where an American detach- nextaction? 
ment under Morgan defeated a British force led 

by the terrible Tarletoh. The next action was 
at Guilford Court House, North Carolina. The 
losses in this fight were about equal. 

299. The greatest battle in the South was at ^^y^l^^ft 
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. The British lost ^^"^"• 
eleven hundred men. In the mean time the en- 
terprising troopers, Marion, Sumter, and Lee, 
captured various posts held by the enemy. 



102 PRIMARY HISTORY 

Where did 300. The British now besran to see that they 

the British 

uowgo? could not conquer the South. They therefore re- 
tired to their stronghold at Charleston, and there 
they remained till the close of the war. 

THE TREASON OF ARNOLD 

301. We are now to read a dark page in our 
history, — the treason of Benedict Arnold. 

(live an 302. Amold was an American general, and had 

ArnTid. *^ distinguished himself for his bravery in many of 
the early battles of the Revolution. But his great 
services were not well rewarded, inferior men were 
promoted over him, till finally in a spirit of re- 
venge he resolved to betray his country. 

What plan 303. Amold knew that West Point, a strong 
fortress on the Hudson, was so im.portant a point 
that the British were anxious to gain possession 
of it. He therefore asked Washington for the 
command of that post, and Washington intrusted 
it to him. 

How did he 304. He then signified to the British his willing- 
try to carry . i c tat* k ^ ^ 

outhispian? ncss to givc up the lort, and Major Andre, a 
young British officer, was sent up from New York 
by General Clinton to make a bargain with him. 
It was agreed that Arnold should put the Britisli 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 103 

in possession of the fort, and that they should 
give him in return fifty thousand dollars and a 
general's command. 

305. Andre set out to return to New York City. Jeii how 

'^ the plot was 

On the way he was stopped by three militia sol- discovered, 
diers. Thinking that they sided with the English, 
he told them he was a British officer. They then 
seized him and carried him off a prisoner. 

306. Andre was soon afterwards hang-ed as a whatbe- 

^ came of 

spy. But the great traitor, Arnold, escaped to ^moili? ^^ 
the English at New York City, and was soon 
afterwards fighting against his countrymen. ; 

THE SIEGE OF YORKTOWN 

307. We now come to the last battle of the 
war. It was fought at Yorktown, in Virginia. 

308. In the summer of 1781, Cornwallis w^as where were 

the two 

at Yorktown with eight thousand troops. Wash- |;fti"/s'™|!' 
ington was near New York City, preparing to whaf ^^^^"^ 
attack that place, still held by Clinton. But he pundld 
suddenly changed his plan and marched quickly to make? ''By 

whom was 

Yorktown, reaching there at the end of September, he joined? 
He was joined by a large number of French troops 
that had just arrived in the Chesapeake, in a fleet 
commanded by Count De Grasse. 



104 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell about 
the siege. 
What was 
the date of 
Coi-nwallis's 
surrender? 




-T»-"'»< 



309. The allied French and American armies 
now laid siege to Yorktown. You will see on the 

map the British 
works, and the 
parallels of the 
Americans ; you 
will see w^iere 
the headquarters 
of Washington 
were and the 
headquarters of 
Rochambeau, the 
chief commander 
of the French 

MAP OF THE SIEGE OF YORKTOWN ^^.^^pg . y^^^ ^^^^ 

observe, also, the French men-of-war on the York 
River to prevent the British from getting away 
by water. Cornwallis finally saw that his situa- 
tion was hopeless, and so on the 19th of October, 
1781, he surrendered. 



"''■^'^ FRENCH'TROOeS 

\^-^-^ FRENCH ARTI.LLER/ 

■^ ' V** ROCHAMBEXUci 

* '^"^ WASHINGTON^'' 




THE CLOSE OF THE WAR 



AVhat was 
the effect of 
this vic- 
tory? 



310. This splendid success really closed the war. 
The British saw that the Americans could not 
be conquered. Then they began to speak about 
stopping the fighting. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



105 



311. More than a year was spent in arrang-ino; what was 

1 . . done the 

a treaty of peace, between commissioners of the next year? 

, " iien was 

two countries. The treaty was signed at Paris, gj'^^g'^^^^y 
September 3, 1783, and Great Britain acknowl- 
edged the United States as an independent nation. 






•iXC- 












'^%r .f'-^v-^'- 
'^r-'r- 



^-.^ ~ -'Vi-- 



WASHINGTON'S VIRGINIA HOME 



312. Before the end of the year the last hostile state what 

happened 

ship had left our shores; the patriot soldiers of e^^'^off^® 
the Revolution returned to their homes, and Wash- ^®^^- 
ington retired to his farm at Mount Yernon. 



106 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What was 
the state of 
the country 
at the close 
of the war ? 



What was 
the worst 
evil of all? 
Was the 
confedera- 
tion a real 



What step 
was taken ? 
Where did 
the conven- 
tion meet? 
What was 
their plan 
called ? 



Tell about 
its adop- 
tion. When 
did it go 
into effect ? 



THE CONSTITUTION 

313. The war of the Revolution left our country 
terribly exhausted. Thousands had been killed, 
and the land was filled with widows and orphans. 
All the arts of peace had been stopped during 
the war and our country was deeply in debt. 

311. But the worst thing of all was that our 
country had no regular government. Congress 
had managed matters during the war, and the 
states had bound themselves by an agreement 
called Articles of Confederation. But it was not 
a real imioji of the states. " We are," said Wash- 
ington, '^ one nation to-day, and thirteen to-mor- 
row, — who will treat with us on these terms?" 

315. The wise and good men of the country, 
seeing these evils, called a convention of delegates 
from each of the states to make a more perfect 
union. The delegates assembled at Philadelphia 
in 1787, and finally agreed upon a plan of govern- 
ment. This plan was named The Constitution. 

316. The Constitution had to be adopted by 
two thirds of the states before it could become 
the law of the land. During the next year eleven 
out of the thirteen states agreed to it. It was to 
go into effect on the 4th of March, 1789. 



THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR 



107 



THE PRINCIPAL BATTLES OF THE REVOLUTION 







Commanders 




When 
fought 


Where fought 






Army 
successful 


American 


British 


1775 


Lexington, Mass., 


Parker, 


Smith and Pitcairn, 


American. 




Ticonderoga, N.Y., 


Allen, 


De Laplace, 


American. 




Blinker Hill, Mass., 


Prescott, 


Howe and Clinton, 


British. 




Quebec, Can., 


Montgomery, 


Clinton, 


British. 


1776 


Fort Moultrie, S.C, 


Moultrie, 


j Clinton and Sir ( 
I Peter Parker, \ 


American. 




Long Lsland, N.Y., 


Putnam, 


Howe and Clinton, 


British. 




White Plains, N.Y., 


McDougall, 


Howe, 


British. 




Fort Washington, N.Y., 


Magaw, 


Howe, 


British. 




Trenton, N.J., 


Washington, 


Rahl, 


American. 


1777 


Princeton, N.J., 


W^ashington, 


Mawhood, 


American. 




Ticonderoga, N.Y., 


St. Clair, 


Burgoyne, 


British. 




Fort Schuyler, N.Y., 




St. Leger, 


American. 




Bennington, Vt., 


Stark, 


Baum, 


American. 




Bennington, Vt., 


Warner, 


Breyman, 


American. 




Brandy wine, Pa., 


Washington, 


Howe, 


British. 




Bemis Heights, N.Y., 


Gates, 


Burgoyne, 


Indecisive. 




German town. Pa., 


Washington, 


Howe, 


British. 




Bemis Heights, N.Y., 


Gates, 


Burgoyne, 


American. 




Fort Mercer, Pa., 


Col. Greene, 


Donop, 


American. 


1778 


Monmouth, N.J., 


Washington, 


Clinton, 


American. 




Wyoming, Pa., 


Zeb. Butler, 


John Butler, 


British. 




Rhode Island, R.I., 


Sullivan, 


Pigot, 


American. 




Cherry Valley, N.Y., 




Brant, 


British. 




Savannah, Ga., 


Robert Howe, 


Campbell, 


British. 


1779 


Sunbury, Ga., 


Lane, 


Prevost, 


British. 




Kettle Creek, Pa., 


Pickens, 


Boyd, 


American. 




Brier Creek, Ga., 


Ash, 


Prevost, 


British. 




Stono Ferry, S.C, 


Lincoln, 




British. 




Stony Point, N.Y., 


Wayne, 


Johnson, 


American. 




Paulus Hook, N.J., 


Lee, 




American. 




Savannah, Ga., 


Lincoln, 


Prevost, 


British. 


1780 


Monks Corner, S.C, 




Tarleton, 


British. 




Charleston, S.C, 


Lincoln, 


Clinton, 


British. 




Sanders Creek, S.C, 


Gates, 


Cornwallis, 


British. 




Fishing Creek, S.C, 


Sumter, 


Tarleton, 


British. 




Kings Mountain, S.C, 


Campbell, 


Ferguson, 


American. 


1781 


Cowpens, S.C, 


Morgan, 


Tarleton, 


American. 




Guilford C H., N.C, 


Greene, 


Cornwallis, 


British. 




Hobkirks Hill, S.C, 


Greene, 


Eawdon, 


British. 




Ninety-Six, S.C, 


Greene, 




British. 




Fort Griswold, Conn., 


Ledyard, 


Arnold, 


British. 




Eutaw Springs, S.C, 


Greene, 


Stewart, 


Indecisive. 




Yorktown, Va., 


Washington and De Grasse, 


Cornwallis, 


American. 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 109 

XIV. GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 

GEORGE WASHINGTON 

317. The greatest character of the war of In- ^egSest 
dependence was Washington. This means that the war? ""^ 
he was great in every way, not only as a soldier, 

but as a statesman and a man. 

318. Washington was born in Virginia, not far J|^\^Ji?ii^^^ 
from the city now bearing his name. You have ^perieMe. 
already learned something of his early history, and congress 
how he took part in the disastrous campaig:n of ascom- 

^ ^ ^ mander? 

Braddock. Even then, as a young man, he was 
marked for his self-reliance, courage, and love of 
the right. When the Revolution broke out, and 
Congress was looking for a man to lead its armies, 
it was upon Washington that the choice fell. He 
was then forty-two years old. 

319. There were, perhaps, in the American ^^Iwn^ton 
army, officers who were more dashing than Wash- ^"itifofher 
ington ; but there was none that so united all the °^^®^^^ 
qualities which make a great captain. He was 
sometimes defeated, as at Long Island and on the 
Brandy wine. He was often compelled to retreat 



110 PRIMARY HISTORY 

before the enemy, as in New Jersey and in Penn- 
sylvania. But lie made the enemy pay dearly 
for any success. 

Give exam- 320. Sometimes he would turn upon them (as 

pies of his 

conduct. at Trenton, after his retreat behind the Delaware), 
and deliver a stunning blow when the enemy least 
expected it. His march on Yorktown, after out- 
witting Clinton at New York, was a great stroke 
of generalship. 

What about 321. That which more than any thing else in 
ton's firm- tlic cliaractcr of Washington tended towards the 

ness? 

success of the Revolution was his firmness in the 
worst times and places. In the painful retreat 
through New^ Jersey, and in the terrible, trying 
scenes of Valley Forge, he never for a single 
moment lost courage or faith in the cause he was 
serving. 

Why was he 322. Washius^tou was perfectly unselfish be- 

unselfish? ^ . / ^ 

cause he was truly patriotic. He refused to take 
any pay whatsoever for his services in the war. 
He refused to listen when his troops proposed to 
make him king. 

Tell about 323. The man at whose house he was quartered 

ton's refig- at Valley Forge said that one day, while w^alking 

ious charac- . t i i i • • t • 

ter. m the woods, he heard a voice as m supplication. 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 



111 



He drew near, and found Washington in prayer. 
Such was the character of the man who was called 
" first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts 
of his fellow-citizens." 



BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 

324. Seventy years before the Declaration of 
Independence, Benjamin Franklin, the greatest 
statesman of the Revolution, 

was born. His father was a 
soap and candle maker in Bos- 
ton. After going to school for 
a little while, Benjamin helped 
his father ; but he did not like 
the business, and chose to learn 
printing with an elder brother. 

325. When about nineteen 
years old he went to Philadelphia, reaching it on 
foot, with his pockets stuffed with shirts and stock- 
ings, and a loaf of bread under his arm. 

326. By hard work as a printer, and by study- 
ing early and late, Franklin soon became one of 
the leading men, not only of Pennsylvania, but of 
America. For many years before the Revolution 
he was renowned, even in Europe, for his writings 




BENJAMIN FRANKLIN 



Who was 

the greatest 
statesman 
of the Revo- 
hxtion? 
What of his 
youth? 



Tell ahout 
his arrival 
ill Philadel- 
I)hia. 



How did he 
hecome a 
leading 



man? 



112 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What 
did he find 
out about 
lightning ? 



What was 
his greatest 
service ? 



Did he help 
make the 
Constitu- 
tion? What 
about his 
"Autobiog- 
raphy"? 



and discoveries in science. By flying a kite dur- 
ing a tliunder-storm he brought the lightning 
down from the clouds. A key was fastened to the 
string of the kite, and when he saw the spark 
come from the key he made the discovery that 
lightning and electricity are the same thing. The 
great scientists of the day soon recognized the truth 
and importance of his discovery, and he became 
honored and respected all over the world. 

327. Franklin was one of the greatest patriots 
of the Revolution. His most valuable service to 
his country was getting the French to help the 
colonists. The plain Pennsylvanian was a won- 
derful favorite at the brilliant capital of France. 
Court and people were alike charmed with his 
simple manners, his wisdom, and his remarkable 
tact. The French king finally agreed to send out 
ships and troops to America, and these helped 
greatly in the struggle. 

328. Franklin was a leader in making the Con- 
stitution. Though then eighty years old, his wis- 
dom did much in laying deep the foundations of 
our government. Franklin wrote his life in a 
book called his "Autobiography," — a book which 
every boy should read. 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 



113 



PATRICK HENRY 

329. The leading oi^ator, who excited the peo- 
ple to rise against the tyranny of Great Britain, 
was Patrick Henry. Henry was a Virginian. 
In his youth he led a rather wayward life. In 
after years, however, it was 
found that he was gifted with 
wonderful eloquence. 

330. This was fully discov- 
ered in 1765, when he became 



Name the 
leading 
orator of the 
Revolution. 
What of his 
youth ? 



a member of the Virginia Leg- 




When and 
how was 
his gift 
shown ? 



PATRICK HENRY 



islature. He was the first to 
offer a resolution against the 
Stamp Act, on which he made a splendid speech. 

331. In the midst of the debate he exclaimed, 
'' Jaesar had his Brutus, Charles the First his 
C jmwell, and George the Third" — "Treason!" 
ci ^ed the Speaker. Henry did not falter, but 
finished his sentence, — "may profit by their 
examj^fle. If this be treason, make the most of it." 

332. From this time, Patrick Henry became 
the idol of the people of Virginia. His influence 
was felt throughout the country. He headed the 
first military movement in Virginia (which was 
immediately after the battle of Lexington), and 



Tell the in- 
cident in the 
debate. 



How did the 
people now 
look on 
him? What 
did he do ? 
To what 
office was he 
elected ? 



SW. PRIM. HIST.- 



114 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



drove out the royal governor, Dunmore. Shortly 
afterwards, Henry was elected the first governor 
of the CommonAvealth of Virgmia. 
Describe 333. Patrick Henry was nearly six feet hio^h, 

his appear- . "^ "^ ^ ' 

''^P?*?- \^.^».^* spare, with a sunburnt, sallow complexion, and a 

of his abili- '■ ^ ^ ^ 

face deeply furrowed. He was a natural orator of 
the highest order. As a statesman he w^as dis- 
tinguished for his boldness, and he did a great 
work, at the early stage of the Revolution, in 
rousing the people to the defense of their liberties. 



ties? 



What is said 
of Lafay- 
ette? 



LAFAYETTE 

334. The brightest example of those noble vol- 
unteers who came from Europe to fight in the 

cause of liberty was 




Lafayette. 
335. Born to h. 



le 



rank and 
fortune in 



a 
Fran 



err I 



cross 



LAFAYETTE 



Lafayette 
the ocean whenjj^e 
was but nineteen 
years old to give 
his sword to America. 
He had applied to 
the American agents 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 11 

in Paris for passage ; but they were unable to fur- Jng^dote^ 
nish him with a vessel. " Then," said he, " I will ?S"'' 
fit out a vessel myself " ; and he did so. 



Amei'ica? 
How was \\i 
received ? 



336. Lafayette arrived in America in 1777, and ^^^^^^^fl^ 
was made a major-general. He lived in the mili- 
tary family of Washington, who loved him as a 
son. His generosity was almost boundless. 

337. Lafayette's most brilliant military opera- wimtwas 

-{ r\ IT .his most 

tion was when he opposed Lord Cornwallis m brilliant 

^ *■ ^ performance 

Virginia. Afterwards he was present at the siege i" the war? 
of Yorktown, and led the storming of the redoubt 
in the most gallant manner. 

338. After the fall of Yorktown, Lafayette re- Teii about 

^ ^ his last visit. 

turned to his native land. The last time he visited 

A^merica was in 1824, when he was sixty-seven 

'ears old. He was called the guest of the nation, 

id passed through twenty-four states on a tri- 

'.iphal tour. 

THOMAS JEFFERSON 

339. Jefferson was the ^reat political phi- what is 

<^ -L -t meant by 

losopher of the Revolution. This means that he fj^'^^^^^^^^ 
was the ablest writer about the principles of our caTphiioso-^" 
government. ^^^^^ 



116 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Give some 
account of 
him. 



What was 

his greatest 
public ser- 
vice? 



340. He was a Virginian, and studied to be a 
lawyer. He was the best scholar of all the great 
men of the Revolution. He was a very accom- 
plished man, being a bold 
horseman, a fine violinist, 
% brilliant talker, and well 
versed in many languages. 




341. The greatest ser- 
vice which Jefferson did 
his country was in writing 
the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. He was a mem- 
ber of the famous Continental Congress, and that 
body appointed him to compose it. 



THOMAS JEFFERSON 



Give a pas- 
sage from 
the Dedara- created CQUal. 



tion. What 
did JefEer 
son after- 
wards 
become ? 



343. The Declaration says that "all men are 
This is the foundation of democ- 
racy, which means government hy the 'peoijle. All 
through the Revolution Jefferson w^as one of the 
leading patriots, and he afterwards became Presi- 
dent of the United States. 



warSel'^ 343. It will interest the pupil to know that 
author^? Jcffcrsou was the author of our convenient deci- 
mal system of United States money, — the cent, 
. dime, dollar, etc. 



GREAT MEN OF THE KEVOLUTION 117 



NATHANAEL GREENE 

344. Next to Washington, the greatest soldier of ^e^g^Tafest 

the Revohition was Nathanael Greene. Greene washing-^^'^ 

was the son of a Quaker preacher in Rhode Island, men did 

He led the Rhode Island vol- ^ tinguish 

, . . . himself? 

imteers to the siep^e oi Bos- \ what did 

^t^ WashinsT- 

ton. Washington soon saw c,a^ '^t^^ ton think of 

that he was a very fine offi- 



cer, and promoted liim to a 
high command. He fought 
under Washington in most 
of the battles in the North. 




NATHANAEL GREENE 



345. In the battle of Germantown an amusing Narrate the 

. ,.,.. incident at 

thmg happened. Major Burnet wore his hair in Oerman- 
a cue, which was cut off by a musket-ball. Greene, 
seeing this, said, " Don't be in haste, Major; just dis- 
mount and get that long cue." The Major did so. 
Just then another shot came whizzino; so close to 
General Greene as to take from his head a large 
powTlered curl. The British were hotly pursuing. 
" Don't be in haste, General," said Major Burnet; 
" dismount and get your curl." 

346. The greatest thinp; General Greene did in what was 

^ ^ ^ '^ ^ ^ Greene's 

the war was his campaign in the Carolinas. He greatest 

*^ " campaign ? 



118 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



was several times forced to retreat, but did so 
with wonderful skill. Then he would swoop back 
on the British and punish them severely. Thus 
by his fine generalship the enemy were at last 
forced to give up the whole South. 

JOHN PAUL JONES 



Tell some of 
Jones's his- 
tory. The 
interesting 
fact about 
our fiaer. 



Who was 347. The g^reatest naval ivarrior of the Revolu- 

the greatest '^ 

vtZf^^''' ^'^^^ ^^'^^ John Paul Jones, — the most daring 
captain that ever trod a deck. 

318. Jones was a Scotchman, and went to sea 
when a mere lad. He came to this country about 

the time of the breaking 
out of the war. Congress 
gave him a commission in 
1775, and the mast of the 
ship he was on, the Alfred, 
floated the first stars and 
stripes ever hoisted on any 
war vessel. 

349. During the next 




What of 
him during 
the next few 
years ? 



JOHN PAUL JONES 



three 



or 



four 



years, m 



various vessels, he scoured the high seas, captur- 
ing and destroying scores of British ships, and 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 119 

making descents upon the British coasts, where 
his name became a terror. 

350. The most wonderful exploit of John Paul Meution his 
Jones was his hght with the British ship Serapis. Jildlh^filht 
The battle took place near the coast of Scotland, xdf about ^ 
Jones's ship was called the Bon Hoimne Richard, ningofthe 

battle. 

The Serapis carried heavier cannon than Jones's 
ship. Jones, however, boldly lashed his vessel to 
the enemy's side. Then, beneatli the pale light 
of the moon, began a fearful struggle. 

351. The muzzles of the sruns touched one Repeat what 

o you can of 

another, and the crews fought hand to hand, with ^^^ fight, 
musket and cutlass. Thrice both vessels were in 
flames. After two hours of carnage the British 
captain asked Jones if he had surrendered. The 
little commander replied, " I have only begun my 
part of the fighting." 

352. At leno-th, after the Serapis had lost over Teii about 

o ^ 1 the surren- 

two hundred men (Jones's loss being even greater), BHtish cap- 
her captain struck his colors. As the American whatbe- 
ship was leaking badly, Jones got his crew on joneVs 
board the captured vessel, and the next morning 
the Bo7i Homme Richard went down. And thus 
ended the most daring and desperate combat in 
naval annals. 



120 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



For what is 
Gates fa- 
mous ? 



What of 
Putnam at 
the begin- 
ning of the 
war ? At 
Bunker 
Hill? 



Relate the 
most nota- 
ble thing 
Wayne did. 



Tell of the 
bold act of 
Ethan Allen. 



OTHER DISTINGUISHED SOLDIERS 

353. General Gates is famous for his campaign 
against Burgoyne in New York, in 1777. 

354. General Israel Putnam was one of the 
dashing officers of the Revolution. He was a 
farmer in Connecticut, and was plowing the 
field when the news of Lexington came to him. 

He did not stay even to 
unyoke his oxen, but, mount- 
ing his horse, rode all the 
way to Boston that same day. 
Putnam was one of the lead- 
ing officers at Bunker HilL 
As the British advanced, he 
told his men not to fire until 
they could see the whites of 
the enemies' eyes. He was 
not a great general, but he was a very brave one. 

355. Another officer of great valor was General 
Anthony Wayne. The most notable thing 
which he did was the capture of Stony Point, 
an important stronghold on the Hudson. 

356. One of the boldest feats of the early part 
of the war was accomplished by Ethan Allen. 
With a small party he got by stratagem inside 




ISRAEL PUTNAM 



GREAT MEN OF THE REVOLUTION 



121 



of the British fort of Ticonderoga before day- 
break. When he ordered the newly-awakened 
commander to snrren- 
der, that officer asked 
by w hose auth ority. 
'' In the name of the 
Great Jehovah and of 
the Continental Con- 



gress 



shouted Allen. 



The fort, with all its 
cannon, was given up. 




Of the gallant 



ETHAN ALLEN 



357. 

officers who were killed 
during the war, remember two names in partic- 
ular, — Joseph Warren, the noble patriot, killed 
at Bunker Hill ; and General Montgomery, who 
fell in an assault on Quebec. 



Name two 
gallant offi- 
cers killed 
during the 
war. 



358. 



There is one other name which should be J^D^JTt* 

Robert Mor- 



cherished by every American. It is that of 
Robert Morris. He was not a soldier, but he 
did a great deal to supply what is called the 
sinews of war, that is, money. Morris managed 
the finances of the country during the war. It 
was he that enabled Washington to march and 
fight by furnishing him with funds and supplies. 



122 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



XV. A REVIEW LESSON 



1. We have now gone over ichat period f 
The period of the American Rev- 
olution. 

2. What ivas the cause of the Revolu- 
tion f 

The injustice of Great Britain in 
taxing the American colonies. 

3. Where did the war break out f 
In Massachusetts. 

4. Name the early battles and tell the 
results. 

Battle of Lexington, April 19, 1775, 
American success ; Bunker Hill, June 
17, 1775, the British held the field, but 
the battle was as good as a victory to 
the Americans. "Washington took 
command in July, besieged the British, 
and forced them to evacuate Boston 
in March, 1776. 

5. What is the date of the Declaration 
of Independence f 

July 4, 1776. 

6. Give an account of the campaign in 
Neio York. 

It began in August, 1776, with the 
battle of Long Island, in which the 
British were victorious. Washington 
w^as then obliged to give up New York 



City ; he retreated up the Hudson, 
and the British took Fort Washing- 
ton. The whole campaign in New 
York was a failure for the Americans. 

7. Give an account of the campaign in 
New Jersey. 

Washington retreated through 
New Jersey, and retired behind the 
Delaware into Pennsylvania. But 
on Christmas night of 1776 he re- 
crossed the Delaware, captured a large 
body of the enemy at Trenton, and 
forced the British to go back to the 
northern part of the state. This 
campaign was, on the whole, a fine 
success. 

8. Give an account of the campaign in 
Pennsylvania. 

In the sunniier of 1777 the British 
moved from New York by water to 
Pennsylvania. Washington's army 
marched overland, and the two met 
on the Brandy wine. The Ameri- 
cans were defeated. Tliis enabled 
the British to take Philadelphia. 
The campaign was unsuccessful for 
the Americans. The army wintered 
at Valley Forge. 



A REVIEW LESSON 



123 



9. Describe Burgoyne's campaign. 
Burgoyne invaded New York from 

Canada, but was met by the Ameri- 
cans under General Schuyler, and 
afterwards under Gates. Two severe 
actions were fought near Saratoga, 
and Burgoyne surrendered his whole 
army at Saratoga, October 17, 1777. 

10. When did the French help the 
Americans? 

In 1778, by sending out war ves- 
sels and troops. 

11. What ivas the effect of this ? 

The British gave up Philadelphia 
and retreated to New York. Wash- 
ington followed them, fighting one 
indecisive action at Monmouth, and 
then took position at White Plains, 
N. Y. Nothing important took place 
between the two armies in New York 
after this. 

12. To what place was the war now 
shifted f 

To the South. 

13. Give an account of the campaign in 
the South. 

The British sent a large force to 
the South at the end of 1779. They 
captured Savannah and Charles- 
ton, and overran all Georgia and 
South Carolina. An army was sent 
down there under General Gates, 



in 1780, but the British were the 
most successful. General Greene 
then took command. He had often 
to retreat, but he managed very well, 
and finally cooped the British up in 
Charleston, where they stayed till the 
end of the war. 

14. What was the final event of the war ? 
The siege of Yorktown, Virginia. 

15. Tell about it. 

Lord Cornwallis was with an 
army at Yorktown. "Washington 
moved rapidly from New York to 
that place. He was joined by a 
French force under Rochambeau 
and a French fleet under Count de 
Grasse. They besieged the British, 
and Cornwallis surrendered his 
whole army, October 19, 1781. 

IG. What took place the next year? 
Negotiations for peace. 

17. Whe7i loas the treaty of peace 
signed ? 

September 3, 1783. 

18. What loas our government called at 
this time ? 

The Confederation. 

19. When did the United States under 
the Constitution begin? 

March 4, 1789. 



PART III 

THE UJ^'ITED STATES 



5>«« 



XVI. THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON 

359. With the founding of the government ""^^^^^^l^^ 
under the Constitution begins the history of our united 
country as the United States. begi?? 

360. You will remember that our country was, ff-'^'^e the 

^ ^ three peri- 

first of all, under the rule of England, and con- countiy's^ 
sisted of British colonies. Then, that the colonies ^^^*^^y- 
rebelled (1775), and declared their independence 
(1776). Finally, that the Constitution was made, 
and the Union was established, 1789. 

361. WashinQ:ton was the first President of the ^^^"^ ^^^ 

o where was 

United States. He was inaugurated, that is, he i^il^aSu"-^^''" 
began to be President, April 30, 1789. The cap- '^''^• 
ital of the Union was at this time New York, 
and there Washington swore to support the Con- 
stitution. 

125 



126 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



How many 
branches of 
the govern- 
ment are 
there ? 
What is the 
executive 
branch ? 
The legisla- 
tive? The 
judicial? 



Tell how the 
government 
began under 
Washing- 
ton. 



What was 
the great 
trouble ? 



What is said 
of Hamil- 
ton? 



362. As you advance in your studies, you will 
be able to understand better about the govern- 
ment of our country. For the present, try to 
remember that the United States government con- 
sists of three branches : — 

1. The executive branch, — that is, the Presi- 
dent, who executes the laws. 

2. The legislative hYa>nGh., — which is Congress, 
consisting of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives : this is the \?i\\-n taking power. 

3. The yz^t/iczaZ branch, — which consists of the 
Supreme Court, and district courts whose duty it 
is to interior et the law. 

363. Now, under President Washington, our 
government was put into operation very much as 
it is now, — that is, Congress, composed of repre- 
sentatives, elected by the people and chosen by 
the states, met to make laws ; and Washington, 
with his assistants (called his Cabinet), began to 
carry these laws into effect. 

364. There were many difficulties in starting 
the government. One great trouble was that the 
country was very deeply in debt. 

365. One of the great men of Washington's 
Cabinet was Alexander Hamilton. He was Sec- 



THE TIMES OF WASHINGTON 



127 



retary of the Treasury. He proposed a plan which 
Congress adopted, and by which the heavy debts 
of the Revolutionary war were paid, and money 
was raised for carrying on the government. 

366. There were several other difficulties which 
had to be met, — difficulties about taxes, and, on 
the western frontier, trou- 
bles with the Indians, and 
disputes with England and 
France. But during Wash- 
ington's term of office these 
things were all settled. 

367. The time for which 
a President is elected is 
four years ; but after this 
he may be chosen for a second term. Washington 
was reelected ; hence he was President for eight 
years. 

368. The people would have been very glad to 
elect Washington for a third term ; but he would 
not consent. He retired to his home at Mount 
Vernon, where he died December 14, 1799. 

369. The Second President of the United States 
was John Adams, who served one term, from 1797- 
1801. 



Name some 
other diffi- 
culties. 
Were they 
all settled ? 




JOHN ADAMS 



How long 
was Wash- 
ington Presi- 
dent? 



Where and 
when did he 
die? 



Who was 
the second 
President? 



128 PRIMARY HISTORY 

Tell about 370. In Waslimcii:ton's time there were but 

the number ^ 

the^n^^ The ^^^^^11 states, — the old thirteen, together with 
they filled. Vermont, admitted into the Union in 1791, and 
Kentucky in 1792. These filled hardly more than 
the narrow strip along the Atlantic seacoast, east 
of the Alleghanies ; whereas our country now 
stretches across the continent. 

compare^the 37^^ ^hc populatiou of the United States in 
and^iow!^" Washington's time was only about four millions. 
This was not more than one sixteenth as many 
people as now inhabit our broad Union. 

What two 372^ i^ Washington's time there was not a 

great means o 

wer^iack- stcamboat on any American waters. There was 
other mat-^* Hot a railroad or telegraph on any part of the con- 
theirinfau- tiucnt. The commercc of the United States was 
very small. The great mines of coal, iron, and cop- 
per, were not worked. Petroleum had not been 
discovered. No cotton was raised. 

373. In fact, the United States was a young 
nation setting up for itself in the world, — not 
with a very large capital of either money or expe- 
rience, but rich in courage, energy, and virtue, 
and with a vast landed estate on which to work 
out its future. 



cy 



THE GREAT WEST 129 

XVII. THE GREAT WEST 

BOONE AND KENTUCKY 

374. The story of the pioneers who settled the where were 
s^reat West is one of the most interestino: and settlements 

'-' '-' made m the 

romantic chapters in the history of our country, "^^est? 
The first three settlements beyond the Alleghany 
Mountains were made in Kentucky, Tennessee, 
and Ohio. (See map, following page 160.) It 
was from these places that population gradually 
spread, and settled the whole West. 

375. The first pioneer who bes^an a settlement who was 

the earliest 

in this wilderness was Daniel Boone. Bemo^ pioneer? 

o What can 

fond of a wild, free life, Boone left his home H^^f^ 
about six years before the American Revolution ^°^^^^ 
began, and with a few companions threaded his 
way to the country south of the Ohio River. 

376. Standing on the banks of that stream, he Give a de- 

scription of 
looked abroad over a vast landscape of stream, the country 

^ ^ he saw. 

wood, and hill. Over its face roamed great herds 
of buffalo. It was the home of many tribes of 
savage Indians ; but for these Boone was well 
prepared, being himself a mighty hunter. He 

-. SW. PRIM. HIST. 9 



130 



ERIMARY HISTORY 



Tell about 
his adven- 
tures. 



When and 
where did 
they settle 
down? 



Relate 
Boone's 
adventure 
with the 
Indians. 



wore a cap of fur and a buckskin dress and 
was armed with hunting-knife and rifle. 

377. Boone had many daring adventures and 
hair-breadth escapes among the savages. He was 
several times captured, but he always managed to 
get away. His companions were not so fortunate, 
for three of them were killed by the Indians and 
one fell a prey to wolves ; till Boone and his 
brother w^ere left alone. They built themselves 
a cabin of poles and bark, and stayed there hunt- 
ing and fishing and surveying the broad country. 

378. After two or three years of this wild life 
they returned home to bring out their wives and 

children, and were joined by 
several other families. In 1775 
(the year of the battle of Lex- 
ington), they settled in Ken- 
tucky at a place which they 
called Boonesboro. 

379. Two or three years after 
this, Boone was captured by the 
Indians. They took a great 
fancy to him and treated him kindly, but he made 
his escape, and after traveling 160 miles in four 
days rejoined his family. 




DANIEL BOONE 



THE GREAT WEST 131 

380. The settlements at first suffered greatly J^Jf^^^f/^'^ 
from the Indians, who were very hostile. Many 
dreadful deeds were done in early times. Ken- 
tucky used to be spoken of as " the dark and 
bloody ground," and such indeed it was in the 
times of Boone. 




EARLY SETTLERS IN KENTUCKY 

381. You must not think that Kentucky was a Was Ken- 
tucky then 
state at this time, for it was then under the gov- ^^.l^^te? 

' ^ When did it 

ernment of Virginia. After the war of the Revo- ^neT^ 
lution, however, large numbers of people from 
Virginia and North Carolina went across the 
mountains into Kentucky, and in 1792 (which 
was in Washington's administration) it came into 
the Union as a state. 



132 



PKIMARY HISTORY 



Tennessee 
belonged to 
what state ? 
Who settled 
it, and 
where ? 



TENNESSEE 

382. Tennessee at first belonged to North Caro- 
lina. It was settled by a colony of people who 
fled from the ill treatment of the British in the 
Carolinas, during the war of the Revolution. They 
found a home on the Cumberland River, near where 
Nashville now is. 

Were other 383. Teuuessee became a state in 1796, and 

states set- . 

tiedffora her settlers formed many other states m the 

Tennessee? .... 

great valley of the Mississippi, — in particular, 
Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Arkansas. 



Who settled 
Ohio? Tell 
how they 
emigrated, 
andwhere 
they settled. 



OHIO 

384. Ohio was settled by a company from New 
England. There were about fifty in the band 
which was led by Rufus Putnam (a son of General 
Putnam). In the year 1787 they reached Pitts- 
burg, where they built a boat which they named 
the Mayfloioe7\ Launching her on the Ohio these 
new Pilgrims sailed down stream for five days, 
and made a settlement at a place wdiich they 
named Marietta. 



What sort 385. Other emig-rants from New England soon 

of people o o 

them*? joined them. They were intelligent, hardy, and 



THE GREAT WEST 



133 



upright people, and Washington took great inter- 
est in this first settlement of the Northwest. 

386. At this time the woods and prairies of Ohio 
swarmed with Indians, hostile to the whites. War 
soon broke out. Several battles took place, in 
which the Indians were successful. Afterward 
General Anthony Wayne was 
put in command. 

387. Little Turtle, who was 
chief of the Indians, said that 
the whites had now a leader 
who never slept, and advised 
the tribes to make peace. 
But they would not. In a 
great battle the savages were 
defeated by Wayne, who, in 
1795, forced them to make a treaty, .giving up 
the whole of Ohio. In the year 1803, Ohio came 
into the Union. 




GENERAL ANTHONY WAYNE 



Tell about 
the Indians 
in Ohio. 
Who was 
put in com- 
mand? 



Tell of Little 
Turtle; his 
defeat; the 
treaty, 
Wlien was 
Ohio made 
a state ? 



OTHER STATES 

388. Thousands of settlers now moved to the what other 

StJltGS WGFG 

West, and Indiana was added to the Union in founded? 
1816, Illinois in 1818, Missouri in 1821, Arkansas 
in 1836, Michigan in 1837, Iowa in 1846, Wiscon- 
sm in 1848, and Minnesota in 1858. 



134 PRIMARY HISTORY 



XVIII. THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 



How long 389. The United States were not much more 

was it be- 
fore our than twenty years old before they had to ^o to war 

second war '^ "^ . 

withEng- with En c^land a second time. This war was called 

land ? ^ 

the War of 1812, because it began in that year. 
What two 390. Now you must try to understand the cause 

nations of 

Europe were of tliis coutcst. For scvcral years before it beci^an, 

at war ? j o ? 

did En%lnd France, headed by the great Napoleon, was at war 

m^/e'trl with England. The United States said that they 

ime/ican would uot sidc with either nation, that is, they 

^ ^^^' would be neutral. But Napoleon would not have 

American ships trade with the British. England 

also was not willing to have American ships trade 

with the French. Napoleon made an order closing 

British ports to American vessels, and England 

did the same with regard to the French ports. 

Why did the 391. Eng^laud pretended that American vessels 

British . . 

begin cap- wcrc uot obeying; this order, and so British men- 

turing our "^ *-" 

ships? of-war began capturing them. Hundreds of Ameri- 

can merchant ships were thus taken. 

Tell what 392. Bcsidcs this, Eno;land said that she had 

was done. ^ ^ 

a right to search American vessels to see if they 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 



135 



had on board of them any sailors belonging to 
Great Britain. On this pretense our ships were 
searched, and many seamen were taken from them 
and forced to serve in the British navy. In some 
cases the sailors taken had been naturalized (that 
is, adopted as citizens of 
our country, although 
born in foreign lands) ; 
others were American- 
born citizens. The Eng- 
lish naval officers behaved 
in a very insolent way. 




JAMES MADISON 



393. At last the Amer- 
ican government would 
not put up with this high-handed conduct any 
longer, and in 1812 declared war against England. 
James Madison was then President. 



When did 
our govern- 
ment declare 
war? 



RAIDS INTO CANADA 



394. The Americans beg-an by makin^^ raids '^^f^o? *^^^ 

o J o raids into 

mto Canada, but these had very little effect. Canada? 
On the other hand, the British captured Detroit. 

395. In the second year of the w^ar, General Teiiwhat 

^ ^ places the 

Dearborn, the American commander-in-chief, sent 4ok hims 
a force which took York (now Toronto) . Another 



136 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What of 
these places 
afterwards ? 



What of 
sea-fights ? 
Name some 
of the great 
sailors. 



Tell the 
story of 
Lawrence. 



Which was 
the grandest 
victory? 
What of the 
two fleets? 



Name the 
flag-ship. 



force moved against Fort George, at the mouth of 
the Niagara River, and captured it. After a while 
most of the troops were taken elsewhere. Then 
the British recaptured Fort George, and made 
several raids into Northern New York, plundering 
and burning settlements. 

396. While most of the land cjjerations of the 
years 1812 and 1813 did not turn out well for the 
Americans, our 7iavy performed a number of bril- 
liant exploits. Such gallant sailors as Porter and 
Decatur and Bainbridge captured many a British 
war-ship. 

397. Captain Lawrence, in the frigate Chesa- 
jyeake, attacked the British frigate Shannon near 
Boston Harbor. Lawrence was mortally wounded 
but his dying order, "Don't give up the ship," be- 
came the rallying cry of the American sailors. 

NAYAL OPERATIONS 

398. The grandest naval victory of the war 
was gained September 10, 1813, by Commodore 
Perry on Lake Erie. The American fleet con- 
sisted of nine vessels, the British of six, but these 
carried more cannon than our ships. 

399. Perry's flag-ship was the Lmvrence, named 
in honor of the brave commander of the Chesa- 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 



13' 




j)ecLke. A flag bear- 
ing that hero's dying 
words, '' Don't give 
up the ship," was dis- 
played as the signal for 
action, and the fight began. 

400. The British vessels leveled most of their Describe the 

British nre 

guns at the Laiorence which carried the commo- shjp^®^^^" 
dore's pennant. For two hours they poured in their 
broadsides, till her cannon were dismounted, and 
she lay upon the water almost a wreck 



(88 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What had 

now to be 

done? 

Describe 

Perry's 

deed. 



Give an 
account of 
Perry's 
attack and 
the British 
surrender. 



401. It was now clear that Perry must make 
his way to another vessel, — a very dangerous 
thing to do. Taking his battle-flag with him, he 
descended into an open boat and made his way to 
the Niagara, under fire of the 
whole fleet of the enemy. 

402. The hearty cheers with 
which the American sailors greeted 
Perry's deed were followed by 
heavy broadsides from their ves- 
sels. In fifteen minutes the entire 
British squadron surrendered, and 
Perry was able to write his pithy 

and famous despatch, " We have met the enemy, 

and they are ours." 




COMMODORE PERRY 



AMERICAN VICTORIES IN CANADA 

Mention 4Q3. Jn the summcr of 1814, the Americans 

some Ameri- 

i^nclnada^'^ wou scvcral victorics on the Canadian frontiers. 

in 1814. Chippewa and Lundys Lane were the most im- 
portant. In the latter battle General Winfield 
Scott, who, at a later time, led the Americans in 
the Mexican war, greatly distinguished himself. 

404. These successes drove the British from 
the Niagara frontier. 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 



139 



THE BATTLE OF LAKE CHAMPLAIN 

405. In September, 1814, Lake Champlain, in ^h^enwaf 
Northern New York, was the scene of another great navaf fight 
naval combat. 



406. The American fleet 
dore McDonough, the 
British under Commo- 
dore Downie. For more 
than two hours the hos- 
tile squadrons poured 
their fire into each 
other. Nearly all the 
British ships were sunk 
or taken, and when the 



was 



under Commo- who were 

the com- 




mauders ? 
Give an ac- 
count of the 
fight. 



PLAN OF THE BATTLE 



action closed there was 
not a mast standing in either fleet. 

407. The victory of the Americans was hailed )^.^^V®: ,^ 

^ joiced at the 

with shouts of joy by thousands of spectators victory? 
gathered on the shore. 

408. During this battle the British land forces fi^^'^^^i^t^ ^.^ 
attacked the Americans at Plattsburg, which was ^i^^^burg. 
near by. They were repulsed, and when the fleet 
surrendered, the British army beat a hasty retreat, 
leaving behind their sick and wounded and large 
quantities of military stores. 



140 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



THE BRITISH AT WASHINGTON AND BALTIMORE 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
attack on 
Washington. 



Where did 
the Britisli 
next go ? 



What of 
" The Star- 
Spangled 
Banner"? 



409. In August, 1814, a British force marched 
against Washington, which then had no troops to 
defend it. They burned the Capitol and other 
public buildings, and went back to their ships. 

410. The British then sailed to the neighbor- 
hood of Baltimore, and bombarded Fort McHenry 
without success. There was also a skirmish near 
Baltimore, but as the British general, Ross, was 
killed, the enemy retreated to their ships and 
sailed away. 

411. It was at this time that our beautiful 
national song, " The Star-Spangled Banner," was 
composed by Francis S. Key. 



Which was 
the last 
battle ? 



Give an ac- 
count of it. 



THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS 

412. The last action of the war was the famous 
battle of New Orleans. A force of twelve thou- 
sand of the best English troops under Sir Edward 
Packenham approached that city, January 8, 1815. 
It was defended by General Andrew Jackson, with 
six thousand militia. 

413. Jackson had intrenched his men behind a 
long embankment. As the Britisli lines advanced, 
they were met by a deadly tire. 



THE SECOND WAR WITH ENGLAND 



141 



It was an overwhelming: defeat to the who was 



414 

British. Their commander fell, and over 
thousand of them were killed or wounded. 
American loss was only thirteen. 



victorious ? 



two 
The 




THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS 



PEACE 

415. The battle of New Orleans was fouQ;ht Had a treaty 

'^ of peace 

after a treaty of peace had been made. The ^ade'?" ^^'''' 
treaty had been signed at Ghent, in Belgium, 
a fortnight before, but the news had been slow 
in reaching this country. 



142 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



XIX. GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



BEYOND THE MISSISSIPPI 



What pow- 
ers had 
owned it ? 
Who bought 
it, and 
when? 



theLouS- ^1^- I^ 1^^^ ^^^^ United States bought from 

chased" France a vast territory west of the Mississippi 

River and extending from Canada on the north 

to the Gulf of Mexico on the south. This is 

called the '' Louisiana Purchase." 

417. The whole country west of the Mississippi 
had been claimed by Spain, but in the year 1802, 
Spain gave up her right to France. At this 
time, Napoleon the Great was ruler of France. He 
offered to sell Louisiana to the United States for 
fifteen million dollars. Jefferson, who was Presi- 
dent at the time, bought it in 1803. 

418. The first state formed out of this purchase 
formed from ^^^ Louisiaua, wliich camc into the Union in 1812. 

But this was not all. You will see what a great 
thing this purchase was for the United States, 
when you learn that it covered what afterw^ards 
became the great states of North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Arkan- 
sas, and Louisiana, besides parts of the states of 



Name the 
first state 



it. The 
other states 
afterwards 
formed from 
this pur- 
chase. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



143 



Montana, Minnesota, Wyoming, and Colorado, and 
all of Indian Territory and Oklahoma. 

419. Besides this, the purchase of Louisiana what other 

' -L advantage 

gave the United States control of both sides of the '^sV what' 
Mississippi and of all the great rivers that flow into fJon^ayT 
it. Napoleon said about it : '' This strengthens 




MAP OF THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE 



forever the power of the United States, and I 
have just given to England a maritime rival that 
will humble her pride." This prophecy came true 
in the war of 1812, as you have seen. 



144 PRIMARY HISTORY 



HAMILTON AND BURR 

Whose 420. In 1804 a g-reat sensation was made in the 

death caused *-" 

F^^*^®®^- country by the death of Alexander Hamilton, who 
was Secretary of the Treasury under Washington. 

What of 421. Aaron Burr, then Vice-President of the 

Aaron 

Burr? Tell United States, a very talented but bad man, was 

about the ^ ^ 

duel. ^ rival of Hamilton's. He challenged him to fight 

a duel, and Hamilton was killed. 
What be- 422. Burr now disappeared from public view, 

came of ^ ^ ^ 

^^^^■^ but he afterwards went to the West, where he is 

said to have been engaged in a conspiracy to 
separate the Western States from the Eastern. 
He was arrested and tried for treason, but as he 
could not be proved guilty, he was set free. 



WAR WITH THE BARBARY PIRATES 

Where are 423. In the northern part of Africa, on the 

the Barbary 

^tates?^ shores of the Mediterranean Sea, are the Barbary 

pi'rates? States, as they are called. For a long time these 

were the home of pirates, who used to capture 

vessels on the Mediterranean, and sell their crews 

into slavery. 

What did 424. For a number of years the United States 

our govern- 
ment do^ paid these people a certain sum of money every 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 145 

year so that they would not trouble our ships. 
But at last the pirates of Tripoli (one of these 
states) became so insolent that President Jefferson 
in 1803 sent a naval force under Commodore 
Preble to punish them. 

425. One of the" American fleet, the frio^ate Teii about 

^ " tlie Phila- 

FJuIadeljMa, while chasing a small craft of the ^^^M*'"- 
enemy, ran upon a rock, and was captured. 

426. This was a g-reat prize for the pirates, but Give an ac- 

c:> i- -L ^ count of the 

in February, 1804, Lieutenant Decatur entered the ^^^^^r.""^ ^^" 
harbor of Tripoli in a small schooner at night, Sewar"^^^ 
boarded the FJdladeljjhia, and burned her. After 
this. Commodore Preble several times bombarded 
Tripoli, and finally in 1805 the governor, or 
bashaw, as he was called, made peace. 

THE FIRST STEAMBOAT 

427. The first steamboat in the world be2!:an to Ten about 

^ the first 

run on the Hudson River in the year 1807. The steamboat. 

^ What can 

steamboat was invented hy Robert Fulton, a Penn- f^^^S^his 



sylvanian, who was born ten years before the the serine 
breaking out of the Revolution. He was at first 
a painter ; but he went to Europe, and became 
interested in the steam-engine. He made a little 
steamer on the river Seine in France : this was a 
success as an experiment ; so he came to New York 

SW. PRIM. HIST. 10 



146 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Tell about 
the trial- 
trip of the 
Clermont. 



Was she 
like our 
steamers ? 



and built what was thought at that time to be 
quite a large steamboat. 

428. The name of this boat was the Clermont. 
She made her trial-trip to Albany in thirty-six 
hours, — a great improvement on the river-sloops, 
which took a week or more. As she steamed up 
the river, the people hailed her with great delight. 

429. Of course she was very different from the 
steamers you now see on our rivers and lakes, or 
in our great seaports ; but when you behold these, 
remember that, giants though they are, they are 
merely improvements upon the little Clerrnont of 
Robert Fulton. 



Tell about 
the Indians 
of the North- 
west. 



What about 
Tecumseh 
and his 
brother ? 



THE BATTLE OF TIPPECANOE 

430. You remember that General Wayne taught 
the Indians of the Northwest a severe lesson. But 
after a while they forgot it. Just before the 
United States declared war with England in 1812, 
British agents went among the Indians and stirred 
them up to break their treaty. 

431. At the head of the Western Indian tribes 
was the famous chief Tecumseh, a giant in 
strength, and noted for his craft and eloquence. 
He had a brother named " The Prophet." 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



147 



432. Tecumseh went off to rally the tribes, J^^f^^^' 
and the Prophet collected his followers at the waTjov-^^^ 
mouth of the Tippecanoe River, in what was then 

called Indiana Territory, where it was supposed 
no white man could ever be victorious. William 
H. Harrison, afterwards President of the United 
States, was governor. 

433. Harrison wisely concluded not to wait till Ha^j.r-son 
Tecumseh had marshaled his tribes ; so he pushed ^.^^'^ ^^l\l^ 

£ -I • 1. ±^ T dian mes- 

lorward against the in- ^.««iniiiiiiiii^^ sage? 

dian army on the Tippe- 
canoe. He was met by 
spokesmen of the Indi- 
ans who said they wanted 



peace, and would make a 
treaty the next day. 




WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
Indian at- 
tack. Tell 
Concealed whatHarri- 



tlie battle ? 



434. That very night 
the savages, not keeping 
their word, attacked the Americans. ..^^...^^ ,.,„ 

^ son did ? 

in the long prairie grass, they shot their deadly thedatl^of 
rifles into the American camp. But Harrison was 
prepared for them, and as soon as it was dawn he 
charged upon them, and routed the Indians with 
great slaughter. And this was the famous battle 
of Tippecanoe, fought November 7, 1811. 



148 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



FLORIDA PURCHASED BY THE UNITED STATES 



Who first 
settled Flor- 



435. Florida, as you remember, was taken pos- 
ida? When gessioii of bv the Spaniards soon after the dis- 

was it pur- 'J ^ 

aliased? covery of America. It did 

not become a part of the 
United States till 1819, 
when our government 
bought it of Spain. James 
Monroe was then President 
and remained such until 
1825,when he was succeeded 
by John Quincy Adams. 




JAMES MONROE 



TWENTY-FIVE YEARS AFTER WASHINGTON S DEATH 

436. Let us pause here, and see what had been 
the growth of our country daring the quarter of 
a century after the death of 
Washington. This w^ould 
be from 1799 to 1825. 
Who was 437. John Quincy Ad- 

now Presi- 
dent? How ^j-Qs \\^Q gon of Joliii 
many stars ^ 

ki^ourfl'^ag? Adams, had just become 
orrpopiui President. In addition 1 
the states already men 




tioned Mississippi had be- 



JOHN QUINCY ADAMS 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 149 

come a state in 1817, Alabama in 1819, and 
Maine in 1820, so that there were now twenty- 
four stars in our flag. The four millions of pop- 
ulation had increased to over twelve millions. 

438. Our country was at this time very prosper- what of the 

^ .y J. J. national 

ous. Agriculture and commerce were flourishing, ^v^a^^njadl 
The extensive cultivation of cotton (made profita- riSil°^^^^ 
ble since the invention, by Eli Whitney, of a ma- 
chine called the cotton-gin) had enriched the South. 

439. The North was now besrinning: to eno;ao:e Teiiwhy 

^ & ^ ^ Adams 

largely in manufactures. To encourage these, Jj^.^^"^^* 
President Adams Avas in favor of what is called taiiff?^* 
a tariff, which means taxes laid on articles manu- passTd^y^^ 
factured abroad and brought into this country, its effect? 
Such a tariff was made by Congress in 1828. 
This enabled the people of the Northeastern States 
to make great profits out of their manufactures. 
But the people of the South were much opposed 
to the tariff, because they were not a manufactur- 
ing people, and they naturally' wished to buy 
manufactured goods as cheaply as possible. 

440. It was about this same time that great works J^be^ulft^^ 
like canals and railroads began to be built. The Name tiS^^ 
Erie Canal, which connects Lake Erie with Hudson ^^^^^^^^^ • 
River, was opened during Adams's administration. 



150 PRIMARY HISTORY 

fi^sfraii-*^^ 4:41. Then, too, the first railroad was constructed 
^^^^^ (at President Adams's own town of Quincy in 

Massachusetts), — the beginning of the vast net- 
work of iron roads now covering our country. 
The first raih^oad for carrying passengers was the 
Baltimore and Ohio, begun in 1829. 



DEATH OF JOHN ADAMS AND THOMAS JEFFERSON 



What nota 
ble coiiici- 



442. The fiftieth anniversary of the Declaration 
pened hT of Independence, July 4, 1826, was made remark- 
about the^se able by the death of John Adams and Thomas 
men." Jeffcrsou, tlic sccoud and third Presidents. Jef- 

ferson was the author of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence ; Adams, its great supporter in Congress. 
The last words of Adams were, " Thomas Jefferson 
still survives " ; but Jefferson was already lying 
dead in his home at Monticello. 

Jackson's administration 

JTcksonte- ^^^- ^^ ^^^^ ^-^^1 0^ March, 1829, General An- 
dent'?^what ^rcw Jacksou became President. You have already 
abo/tTim? Icamt Something about General Jackson, and know 

that he was the hero of the battle of New Orleans. 

He was a man of great energy and firmness. 

444. The most important matter bearing upon 
the national welfare that came up in Jackson's 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



161 



nullification." To un- 




What im- 
portant 
matter hap- 
pened in 
Jackson's 
administra- 
tion? 
Tell what 
you can 
aboiit imlli- 
lication. 



time was what is called " 
derstand this, remember 
what was said about the 
Southern people's opposing 
the tariff. Well, in 1832, 
Congress increased the 
taxes on foreign goods. 
South Carolina said that 
these taxes should not be 
collected in her harbors. andrew .ackson 

This was called nullifymg, or making null or use- 
less, the laws of the United States. 

445. Jackson declared that he would enforce what did 

Jackson say 

the law, and sent General Scott down to Charles- i^^^do? 

' xiow was 

ton to see about it. But in the mean time the settS?^' 
matter was settled to the satisfaction of the South. 
Henry Clay had persuaded Congress to pass a law 
arranging for the gradual lessening of the duties. 



WEBSTER, CLAY, AND CALHOUN 

446. Our three greatest orators and statesmen Name three 

'^ orators and 

during the first half of the present century were statesmen. 
Webster, Clay, and Calhoun. 

447. Daniel Webster was born in New Hamp- ^^^j^J^^g^"^ 
shire, in 1782. His father was a humble farmer; early lift. 



152 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What of 
him as an 
orator ? 
What was 
the date of 
his death ? 



Give an ac- 
count of 
Clay's early- 
life. To 
what office 
was he 
elected ? 
Relate the 
anecdote of 
him. What 
was the 
date of his 
death ? 




DANIEL WEBSTER 



He 



was 
but 



but lie managed to send his son to college. Daniel 
afterwards studied law, and in 1812 he was elected 

to Congress from Massachu- 
setts. He was one of the 
grandest orators that ever 
lived. His greatest speeches 
were made in favor of -pre- 
serving the Union, 
died in 1852. 

448. Henry Clay 

born in Y i r g i n i a, 
moved early to Kentucky. The little schooling 
he got was in a log-cabin ; but soon his genius 
showed itself. He was elected 
to the Senate, and came to have 
a commanding voice there. 
When he proposed the " Mis- 
souri Compromise" law, which 
we shall learn about later on, 
his friends said it would lessen 
his chances for the presidency. 
" 1 would rather be right than 
be President," was Clay's noble 
reply. His manners were win- 
ning, and no statesman was ever more loved. He 
died the same year as Webster, in 1852. 




HENRY CLAY 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



153 



449. Joim C. Calhoun was born in South 
Carolina, in 1782. He was the greatest states- 
man of the South. For forty years he was in 
public life, and had much 
influence, especially in the 
South. He was noted for 
the keenness of his intellect 
and the force of his logic 
Calhoun w^as a powerful ad 
vocate of the doctrine of the 
right of a state to secede 
(that is, to withdraw) from 
the Union. This made his name disliked in the 
North ; but he was a man of unspotted integ- 
rity and sincerity. He died in 1850. 

450. These three great men were all candidates 
for the presidency and were all unsuccessful. 




JOHN C. CALHOUN 



When and 
where was 
Calhoun 
born ? 
What doc- 
trine did he 
advocate ? 
What effect 
had this ? 
What was 
the date of 
his death ? 



INDEPENDENCE OF TEXAS 

451. From the time of the Spanish conquest, what had 
what we now call the state of Texas had been what of the 

American 

claimed as a part of Mexico. However, many settlers? 
Americans had settled in that region. They did 
not like the way the Mexican government treated 
them, so, in 1835, they rose up and declared Texas 
an independent state. 



154 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Who forced 452, War now broke out. General Houston 

the Mexi- . n • i o -> r> o 

caustosur- \q^ the Americans, and m 1836, Santa Anna, 

render ? 

What did .^Miiiiiiii^^ the Mexican commander, 

our govern- ..diiiiililllM^^^^ ^ 

JoT^^'^'' j«l^ had to surrender. Then our 

government acknowledged 
the independence of Texas. 
During the administrations 
of Van Buren, Harrison, 
md Tyler, 1837-1845, 
the Texan question was 
the most hnportant issue. 




MARTIN VAN BUREN 



THE FIRST TELEGRAPH 

Where was 453. The first teleg-raph ever built was stretched 

the first ^ ^ . ' -,n A A 

telegraph? bctwecu Washington and Baltimore, m 1844. 
Who in- 454. The telegraph was invented by Samuel 

vented it ? • f a r i xt 

What of the F. B. Morse, a native oi Massachusetts. He con- 

telegraph 

now? structed an apparatus in 1835 by which he sent 

despatches a short distance. Congress gave him 
thirty thousand dollars to try if his invention 
would work. It was a perfect success, and now 
there are more than two hundred thousand miles 
of telegraph in the United States alone. The 
principal European powers sent gold medals to 
Morse, and they gave him, besides, eighty thou- 
sand dollars as a reward for his service. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



155 



THE MEXICAN WAR 

455e In 1845, just before the close of Tyler's S^if^/^iay 
administration, Texas was admitted into the Union, annexation? 
Henry Clay said this annex- 
ation would cause war with 
Mexico. A war with that 
country broke out in 1846, 
which lasted two years, and 
resulted in the complete 
success of the United States. 
James K. Polk, of Tennes- 
see, was President during 
the war with Mexico. 




JOHN TYLER 



456. There were three reasons for this war : what were 

the causes of 

(1) The Mexicans being angry about the annexa- ^^^^f.^ 




tion abused the Texans. 



What did 
our govern- 
ment pro- 

(2) The Southern States ftTcLpS 
hostile to Mexico 



were nostue to 
because it was a refuge for 
runaway slaves. (3) The 
Mexicans were continually 
disputing about the boun- 
dary between their terri- 
tory and Texas. The 
United States proposed that a line should be fixed 



JAMES K. POLK 



156 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



State what 
our govern- 
ment now 
did. Did 
this lead to 
war? 



What did 
Congress 
do? 



by commissioners appointed from each country. 
This proposal the Mexicans rejected. 

457. In these circumstances, our government, 
in the spring of 1846, ordered General Taylor, 
afterwards President of the United States, to 
advance with a force to the Rio Grande. This 
immediately led to a conflict. Two actions took 

place, and General Tay- 
lor was victorious in both. 



458. When the news 
of these battles reached 
the United States, the 
whole country was ex- 
cited. Congress declared 
war, raised an army, and 
put it under General Scott. 




2ACHARY TAYLOR 



What Of 459. In the mean time, Taylor defeated the 

Taylor ,r • ^ 

meanwhile? Mexicau general at Monterey and Buena Vista. 

How did 460. General Scott beg:an his cainpaipi:n (March, 

Scott begin ^ ^ r & V ? 

his cam- 1847) by capturiug; Vera Cruz. He then com- 

paign? . 

menced his march towards the Mexican capital. 



461. The first opposition met with was at the 



Where was 
the first 

opposition? rocky pass of Cerro Gordo, where Santa Anna was 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



157 



intrenched. This position was carried by storm, 
and the army continued its march up the high 
table-land of Mexico. 

463. Reaching the crest of the Mexican range, Describe the 

scene from 

the army saw m the distance a magnificent pano- the crest. 

rama of snow-capped mountain-peaks, while in the 

beautiful valley below lay the ancient capital of 

the Montezumas. It 

was the very scene 

on which Cortes and 

his armored Spaniards 

had gazed more than 

three hundred years 

before. 




How was 
the city of 
Mexico pro- 
tected ? 



GENERAL SCOTT 



463. For the de- 
fense of the city, the 
Mexicans had a num- 
ber of fortresses and 
castles, beginning about fifteen miles outside its 
limits. The first of these strongholds was Churu- 
busco, which was taken by assault. After this there 
remained the massive citadel of Chapultepec. 

464. After a heavy bombardment, a storming^ Describe the 

^ _ *^ attack. 

column was thrown forward. With a shout and 
rush the Americans made their way up the steep 



158 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What was 
the effect 
of the fall 
of Chapul- 
tepec ? 



Of the cap- 
ture of the 
city? What 
were the 
date and 
nature of the 
treaty ? 



rock, and leaped over the intrenchments, sweeping 
away the Mexicans. 

465. Chapultepec had been their main reliance, 
and when it was taken they lost all hope. Next 
day, September 14, 1847, the American army 
entered the city of Mexico. 

466. The capture of the Mexican capital ended 
the war. In February of the next year a treaty 
of peace was made. By this treaty the Mexicans 
agreed to give up to our government the whole 
of California, Nevada, and Utah, besides parts of 
Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico. 
(See map, following page 160.) 



What did 
Fremont 
hear and 
do? 



What was 
the result ? 



THE CONQUEST OF CALIFORNIA 

467. Just before the breaking out of the Mexican 
war, Captain John C. Fremont, who was in Oregon, 
heard that the Mexicans in California were giving 
trouble to some Americans who had settled there ; 
so he went into California and led the Americans. 
They defeated the Mexicans in several little engage- 
ments, and took some of the California seaports. 

468. The result was, that when the war closed, 
California was part of the territory which the Mex- 
ican government gave up to the United States. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



159 



THE DISCOVERY OF GOLD 

469. Very soon after California was given up ^g^o^^fr^^* 
to the United States, a great discovery took place in^caiSlr- 
tliere. This was the finding of gold in large quan- when? 
tities. The gold was found accidentally on the 
American River (a branch of the Sacramento). 

4-70. When the men beQ!:an to look farther, they what took 

'-' ^ place when 

found the precious metal in great abundance. Soon ^^^^ "^^^^ 



the news spread. From the Eastern States, and in 
fact from almost all parts of the world, thousands 
of people flocked to the El Dorado^ as it was called, 
or " the land of gold." 

471. The crrowth of Cali- 
fornia was wonderf uL Soon 
San Francisco became a 
great city, and it is now 
the center of all our com- 
merce with Japan and 
China. California now pro- 
duces not only gold in 
great abundance, but also wheat, wool, and fruits. 

472. California was admitted into the Union 
as a state in 1850. Millard Fillmore, of New York, 
was President at this time. 



spread ? 




What of the 
growth of 
California ? 
What does 
it now 
produce ? 



MILLARD FILLMORE 



When was it 
admitted ? 



160 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



THE NEW FAR WEST 

thou^ht^to ^^^' When your parents were your age, the 

forralrwf *^' West used to be Ohio and Illinois ; but every year 

J!^wT'^^*^ people moved farther and farther west, and now 

we have a nei(; "Far West" beyond the Mississippi. 



474. It was more than forty years ago that 

Kan- 



When were 
Kansas aud 

^^^^i^g^^^^"^ Kansas and Nebraska began to be settled. 
JS^tted'?''" sas was admitted into the Union in 1861, and 



Nebraska in 1867. 



What led to 
the settle- 
ment of 
Nevada? 



475. The discovery of silver in Nevada led to 
the settlement of that country, and in 1864 it 
came into the Union as a state. The gold and 
silver of Colorado attracted large numbers there, 
and it was admitted into the Union in 1876. 



Of Oregon? 476. The great rush of people to the Pacific 
coast soon settled Oregon, and in 1859 it came 
into the Union as a state. 



What can 
you say of 
the great 
plains now? 



477. Now the vast plains beyond the Mississippi, 
which used to be crossed with such toil by the 
emigrants, with their slow-moving ox-trains, are 
traversed by the great Pacific railroads, and it is 
possible to go from New York to San Francisco in 
seven days ! 




103 Lori^ittuie West fromOtVashington 83 



West from 




The figures under the State names indicate the dates of 

their admission into the Union; or, in the case 

of t-he Original Thirteen Slatet, the 

date of their ratification of 

the Constitution, 

SCALE OF MILES 



100 200 300 400 



Longitude West 



from Washingtou 



Loup. Eajst 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 161 



THE SLAYERY STRUGGLE 



478. Almost from the beg-inninpr of our o;overn- what sub- 

^ ^ ° . jecthad 

ment, the subject of slavery gave great trouble in ^j^^^ %eat 
our country. In the old colonial times there were trouble? 
negro slaves in the North as well as in the South. 
But in the North they were few in number, and 
gradually they became fewer and fewer. 

479. In the South slavery flourished greatly. ^^Jj'^ 
This was owing to the great demand for negroes to fj^^^^^^^jj^^ 
work on the plantations, cultivating tobacco, cotton, 

sugar, and rice. 

480. About seventy-five years ago, there began when did 

. , the feeling 

to be quite a strong; leelmo: ao^amst slavery on the against 

^ & & & J slavery be- 

part of many people at the North. This showed gin? 

itself very strongly in the year 1820, when it was 
proposed to admit Missouri as a state. The South 
wanted it to be a slave state ; the antislavery 
people, that is, the people opposed to slavery, de- 
sired that it should come in as a free state. 

481. The matter was finally arrans^ed by a law How was 

•^ ^ . ,, the matter 

that was called the "Missouri Compromise. ' In arranged? 
this it was agreed that slavery should be allowed 
in Missouri, but forbidden further west in the 
region north of the northern line of Arkansas. 

SW. PRIM. HIST, 11 



162 



TRIMAKY IIISTOKY 



482. Thirty-four years afterwards (in 1854), 

to make Kansas a terri- 



When and 
how was 

thiscompro- when it was proposed 



mise done 

away with? tory, those who favored slavery succeeded in hav- 
ing this compromise done away with. Congress 
passed a law that in Kansas the people themselves 

should decide whether 
they would have slaves 
or not. Franklin Pierce, 
of New Hampshire, was 
President at this time. 



What took 
place ? 




FRANKLIN PIERCE 



483. Now began a great 
rush into Kansas of those 
who opposed and those 
who favored slavery, 
"border warfare" there. 



There was quite a long 
What other 484. After this there were several things, which 

thino^s made 

bad feeling? jq^^ ^y'lH ]earn about when you are older, such as 
the " Fugitive Slave Law " and the " John Brown 
raid," which stirred up a great deal of bad feeling. 



THE ELECTION OF LINCOLN 



485. Such was the state of the country in the 
year 1860, when the time came to name candidates 
for the presidency to succeed James Buchanan, 
who had been elected President in 1856. 



GROWTH OF OUR COUNTRY 



163 



486. The man nominat- 
ed by the Eepiihlican party 
(which was opposed to 
slavery being spread any 
farther) was Abraham Lin- 
coln. The people voted 
on the 6th of November, 
1860, and Lincoln was 
elected President. 




Who was 
nominated 
by the Re- 
publicans ? 
When was 
the vote ? 
Who was 
elected? 



JAMES BUCHANAN 



487. Abraham Lincoln was born in Kentucky, j^'^g^^i^i^bout 
but when he was a young man he moved with his Lincoln. 

parents to Illinois. 
He had very little 
schooling. How- 
ever, he studied 
law and was elect- 
ed to Congress. 
When the Repub- 
lican party arose, 
he took that side 
very strongly. Lin- 
coln was tall and 
gaunt in person, 
with a sad, care- 




ABRAHAM LINCOLN 



worn face. 



164 PRIMARY HISTORY 



SECESSION 

Did most of 4-88. At the time of Lincoln's election, there 

the people 

love the ig jiQ (ioubt that most of the people, both in the 

Union at i i ^ 

whafdid' North and in the South, loved the Union, that 
siSi?sTs^^' is? wanted the states to stay united as one great 
^^^' nation. But there were violent men on both 

sides. In the South there were the Secessionists, 
who said that when the people of the North 
voted for Mr. Lincoln it showed that they were 
bent on abolishing slavery. 

Which state 489. The secession leaders soon set the whole 

seceded 

first? What South in a blaze. South Carolina took the lead, 

states fol- 

lowed? ap^^ ij^ December, 1860, seceded, that is, left the 
Union. Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, 
Louisiana, and Texas followed within a month. 
These were the seven cotton states. 

What was 490. In February, 1861, these states formed a 

government pfovernment of their own called the Cojifedei^ate 

called? ^ . '^. 

Who was States. They elected Jefferson Davis President. 

President ? ^ 

What was it 491. It was uow plain that the p-overnment 

now plain -•■ ^ 

d'ont?'^ must either allow the seceded states to go out, or 
fight to bring them back. You will see how out 
of these troubles grew a tremendous war, — the 
War of Secession, sometimes called the Civil War. 



A REVIEW LESSON 



166 



XX. A REVIEW LESSON 



1. What part of the history of our coun- 
try have we now studied f 

The period from the founding of 
the government of the United States, 
to the War of Secession. 

2. What is meant by the founding of 
our government f 

The Union of all the states, in 
1789, under one body of laws called 
the Constitution, 

3. Hoio many branches (or distinct 
parts) of the government are there ? 

Three : the executive branch, that 
is, the President and the officers he 
appoints ; the legislative branch, that 
is, the Senators and Representatives 
who make laws in Congress; and the 
judicial branch, that is, the Judges of 
the courts of the United States. 

4. Where were the first settlements luest 
of the Alleghany Mountains? 

In Kentucky and Tennessee^ both 
settled from Xorth Carolina, and in 
Ohio, settled from New England. 

5. Whe7i loas the second war with Eng- 
land ? 

It began in the year 1812, and so 
is called the War of 1812. It grew 



out of wars between England and 
France, but was mainly caused by the 
overbearing conduct of the English, 
in searching American ships on 

various pretenses. 

6. Tell about the land operations. 

In the first year of the war (1812), 
the British captured Detroit. The 
next year (1813) the Americans took 
Toronto. In 1811 our countrymen 
won the battle of Lundys Lane, and 
the British captured Washington 
and burned the capitol. In January, 
181.5, General Jackson won a great 
victory over the English at Ne"w 
Orleans, neither side knowing that 
peace had already been made. 

7. What about the naval battles? 

In nearly all of these the Americans 
were victorious. Two great naval 
actions were fought upon the Lakes. 
Commodore Perry defeated the Brit- 
ish on Lake Erie, in 1813, and Com- 
modore McDonough won a great vic- 
tory on Lake Champlain, in 1814. 

8. Tell about the Louisiana Purchase. 
Nearly all the country that lies be- 
tween the Mississippi River and the 



16B^ 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Rocky Mountains was bought from 
France in the year 1803. The 

French name for this whole region 
was Louisiana. Eight states of our 
Union, and parts of four others, have 
been formed out of this territory. 

9. Give an account of the tariff, and 
the disagreements about it. 

The tariff is a system of taxes on 
goods brought into our country from 
foreign lands. Taxing them tends to 
keep them out of our country, and 
to raise the market price of such 
goods. Our tariff laws had helped 
the factory-people of the North- 
eastern States, but the South was 
a farming region, with few factories, 
and the Southerners wanted to buy 
manufactures where they could buy 
them cheapest, even if they had to 
get them from Europe. 

10. What loas the mdlification trouhle f 
It grew out of the tariff law of 

1832. The people of South Carolina 
were unwilling to pay the tariff" taxes. 
They wanted to make null, that is, 
of no effect, the law that had been 
passed, but finally the matter was 
settled. 

11. Give an account of the Mexican 
loar. 

Texas, once a part of INIexico, be- 
came independent in 1836, and was 
admitted into our Union as a state 
in 1845. A dispute about the south- 
ern boundary of Texas led to war 



between our country and Mexico in 

1846. First General Taylor, and 
afterwards General Scott, won many 
victories over the Mexicans, who were 
commanded by General Santa Anna. 
The city of Mexico was captured in 

1847, and peace was made in 1848. 
By the treaty of peace, most of the 
region that lies between the Rocky 
Mountains and the Pacific Ocean be- 
came part of the United States. 

12. Tell about the slaverrj struggle. 
Before the Revolution there were 

slaves in all the colonies. In the 
Xorth they were few, and finally these 
were set free. In the South they were 
many, and by tlie year 1860 they 
had increased to four millions. The 
Southerners wanted slavery in Mis- 
souri and Kansas. The Northerners 
opposed this. Missouri became a slave 
state, and Kansas a free state. For 
many years, from 1820 to 1860, there 
were debate, dispute, and bitterness 
over this question. Finally, the Re- 
publicans, who wanted to prevent the 
spread of slavery and the increase of 
Southern influence, succeeded in elect- 
ing Abraham Lincoln to be Presi- 
dent, whereupon many Southern 
States seceded from the Union. 

13. What is meant by the War of Seces- 
sion f 

Tlie great war that resulted from 
the attempt of some of the states to 
leave the Union, and so break it up. 



PART IV 

THE WAR OF SECESSIOJf 



>>0^c 



XXL THE WAR BEGINS — FORT SUMTER 

492. Abraham Lincoln became sixteenth Presi- How many 

stRtes na.Q. 

dent of the United States on the 4th of March, ^n^^^^^ 
186 L Seven Southern States had seceded from ^^^^il^^^' 
the Union. The Secessionists had seized the forts '^''''®- 
and arsenals and navy-yards in the South. 

493. At the time President Lincoln took office whatsoiuh- 

ern tort cIkI 

Fort Sumter, in Charleston Harbor, was almost gj^^s^hoid? 
the only fort in the South where the United ^^^'^J^l^tm 
States forces had a foothold. It was defended by ^^^^^^^^^^ 
a small garrison under Major Robert Anderson. 
A large Southern force under General Beauregard 
had built batteries to fire on the fort. 

494. The bombardment began in the morning Jen^f^tout 
of April 12, 1861, and at the end of thirty-six bardment. 
hours the fort was surrendered. 

167 



168 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What effect 495. The news of the bombardment of Fort 

did the news 

of the fall of Sumter caused the s;reatest excitement throug;hout 



Sumter 
have? 



It was plain that there was now to be 



the North. 

WAR. 

496. The President immediately called for sev- 



What did 

Lincoln call , , , 

for? enty-hve thousand voumteers. 



How many 
other states 
had mean- 
while se- 
ceded ? 
AVhat city 
Avas their 
capital ? 



Who was 
the Union 
comman- 
der ? What 
did Scott 
do? 



Tills call was 
answered with 
the greatest 
zeal, and from 
all quarters 
armed men 
hastened to 
Washino:ton. 



497. In the 

mean time 
four other 
slave states 
had seceded. 
The Confed- 
erate government, having Jefferson Davis for its 
President, made Richmond its capital, and soon 
there was a large Southern force in Virginia. 

498. The commander-in-chief of the Union army 
was the veteran General Scott. He sent troops 
across the Potomac into Virginia. 




JEFFERSON DAVIS 



THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN 169 



XXIL THE BATTLE OF BULL RUN 

4:99. The people of the North now raised the where was 

,, n 1 r the Southern 

cry of "On to Richmond! The Southern force army? 
was at Bull Run, south of Washington. 

500. The Union army moved to attack the Con- t®^\^^?,^^ 

•^ the battle. 

federates. There was a fierce conflict on Sunday, 
July 21, 1861. Both sides fought bravely, and 
up to three o'clock the result was indecisive. 

501. Then fresh troops came to help the Con- ^I;^°//jf^^ 
federates, and the Union soldiers began to retreat, up^'^^what"^^ 
They fled and soon the rout became a panic. took place? 

502. The principal effect of the battle of Bull ^J\^J.i^eTpai 
Run was to show the whole country that a terrible B^nRmi? 

. , , ^ ' £ What did 

war was upon it, — not a briei ,^f^^ each side 

affair. Both sides now set to 
work forming great armies. Presi- 
dent Lincoln called for half a 
million troops. The whole South, 
also, rushed to arms. 

503. General George B. McClel- ™^ ™^^^ Z^^vlion 
Ian was now made general-in-chief. He passed de??^^"' 
the winter in organizing the Northern army. 




170 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



XXIII. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 



Were there 
many bat- 
tles during 
the war ? 



504. During the long war of four years which 
now followed, there were so many battles that you 
would not be able to remember the names of half 
of them. You may hereafter read the history of 
the war in larger books ; but for the present it is 
only needful for you to know the ^jrmcfpaZ battles 
and their result. 



What was 

the first 



505. In 1862 the war opened at the West, 
great event The first important event was the capture of Fort 
Donelson. 



Where was 
Donelson ? 
Why impor- 
tant? 



What force 
and fleet 
moved 
against it ? 
Tell about 
the siege. 



THE CAPTURE OF FORT DONELSON 

506. Fort Donelson was a stronghold of the 
Confederates on the Cumberland River, in Ten- 
nessee. It was the key-point in a line of defenses 
to guard the Southwestern States against invasion 
from the North. (See map, next page.) 

507. A Union force, under General U. S. Grant, 
supported by a fleet of gunboats, moved against 
Fort Donelson. It Avas besieged by land and bom- 
barded from the river till the Confederates surren- 
dered (February 16, 1862). 



172 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



508. The effect of the capture of Donelson was 
very important. It encouraged the North, and 
compelled the Southern army to leave Nashville. 



Name the 
next great 
Western 
battle. 



Which side 
made the 
attack ? 
Tell about 
the battle. 



THE BATTLE OF SHILOH 

509. The next great battle in the West was 
fought at Shiloh, on the Tennessee River. Gen- 
erals Grant and Buell commanded on the Northern 
side, and Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and 
Beauregard on the Southern. 

510. It was the Confederates who made the 
attack (April 6). At first they were successful, 
and drove the Union force down to the river's 
brink. But General Johnston was killed, night 
came on, fresh troops for the Union side arrived, 
and next morning the Southerners retreated. 



Describe the 
movements 
of Bragg's 
army. 



BRAGG S INVASION OF KENTUCKY 



511. In the summer of 1862, a large Southern 



army. 



under General Bratysr, moved northward 



from Chattanooga into Kentucky. The Union 
army had to fall back to the Ohio River. After 
the Southern troops had gathered a great quantity 
of supplies, they retreated. There was no great 
battle with this army till December, 1862. 



BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 173 



THE BATTLE OF MURFREESBORO 

512. This was a very hard contest, and lasted Teii about 

the next bat- 
three days. The Union army held the battle-field, ^^e- 

and hence it was a sort of victory ; but both sides 

lost terribly. 

513. You see, then, that the principal battles of w^^^^^®^^ 
the West, in 1862, were Donelson, Shiloh, and ^^lH^^l^ 
Murfreesboro. ^^^^^ 

mcClellan's campaign on the peninsula 

514. In the East, the first important event of state the 

-' ^ nrst impor- 

1862 was the campaign on the peninsula between onseJ^n^ 
the York and James rivers, in Virginia. McClellan *^®^^^*- 
moved his army there from Washington by water, 
in the spring. The object was to take Richmond. 

515. The Confederates, commanded by General J^eSout^hern 
Robert E. Lee, were met behind earthworks at troops met? 
Yorktown, the very place where Cornwallis had 
surrendered to Washington. Here there was a 

siege of a month, and then the Southern army fell 
back towards Richmond. 



516. Several battles took place in the vicinity what took 

^ '^ place there? 

of Richmond. But the Union army was not sue- ^P^^"®^^^ 

•^ the North- 

cessful, and was forced to retreat to the James now^ie'St^ 



174 PRIMARY HISTORY 

River. The Northern army was now ordered back 
to Washmgton. 

What did 517. While this was s^oins: on, General Lee 

Lee do while . . 

this was go- marclied northward with his army. He defeated 

ingon? "^ 

a Union force under command of General Pope, 
and then crossed the Potomac into Maryland. 

THE BATTLE OF ANTIETAM 

Tell about 518. In Maryland, one srreat battle took place 

the great J ? o r 

battle that bctwccn Lcc and McClellan. This was the bat- 
took place 

inMaryiand. ^|g ^f Antictam (September 17, 1862). It was 
very bravely fought and resulted in great loss of 
life. In consequence of this battle, Lee was forced 
to recross the Potomac into Virginia. 



THE BATTLE OF FREDERICKSBURG 

Describe the 519. The ucxt o^rcat battle in Viro-inia was at 

next great ^ "^ '-^ ^ 

w"^fnf^ Fredericksburg, on the Rappahannock River. It 
was fought in December, 1862. The result was a 
terrible defeat to the Union army. 

Name the 520. You will sec, tlicu, that the principal 

chief battles ^ . -^ 

of 1862 in events in the East in 1862 were the campaio;n on 

the East. ^ ^ ° 

the York Peninsula, the battle of Antietam, and 



the battle of Fredericksburg. 



BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1862 175 



THE CAPTURE OF NEW ORLEANS 

521. One of the greatest events of the war was what is said 

^ of New Or- 

the capture of New Orleans. The Confederates ^^^^^'^ 
had forts on the river below New Orleans. 

522. In the spring; of 1862, a larg:e fleet of when did 

^ ^ ^ ^ the fleet go 

war- vessels, under Admiral Farramit, went to the ?;!^^r\ ^ 

-' o 7 1 ell what 

Mississippi to attack New Orleans. The fleet l^H^^""^ 
steamed up the stream till it came to the South- 
ern forts. These Farragut bombarded in vain. 
He then determined to run past the batteries. 



the river. 
What was 
the result ? 



523. The Confederates had stretched a stout Describe the 

passage up 

chain across the river to prevent the passage of 
the ships. Farragut destroyed the chain, and on 
April 24 his fleet steamed past the forts, and 
destroyed the Confederate squadron. Then the 
Union fleet forced the surrender of New Orleans. 



THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC 

524. One of the most remarkable battles ever wimt re- 

markable 
fousrht was between the Monitor and the Merrimac. "aval battle 

o IS spoken of ? 

525. The MeiTimac was a Confederate iron-clad }y^^,^^^? 

the Mem- 

war- vessel built at Norfolk. In March, she sud- *^"^^ 
denly attacked a fleet of Union war-vessels, near 



176 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What did 
she do ? 



What craft 
arrived dur- 
ing the 
night? 



the mouth of James River. She ran against and 
sank the Cumberland, and compelled the frigate 
Congress to surrender. Next day she was to 
destroy the rest of the wooden fleet. 

526. But during the night there arrived from 
New York a strange new iron craft, which had 
just been built, and was called the Monitor. 




ACTION BETWEEN THE MONITOR AND THE MERRIMAC 



Tell about 
the Mojiitor. 



Give an 
account of 
the battle. 



527. It was a revolving iron tower on an iron- 
plated hull, a few inches above the water. 

528. In the morning, the Monitor attacked the 
Merrimac, and compelled her to steam, disabled, 
into Norfolk. Later the Merrimac was blown 
up by the Confederates to prevent her capture. 



BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863 177 

XXIV. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863 

THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION 

529. On New Year's Day of 1863, President what was 

)^ _ ^ the Emanci- 

Lincoln issued his Emancipation Proclamation, pation Proc- 

^ lamation, 

This declared all the slaves within the borders of fg^ie^^?^"^ 
the Confederacy to he free. 

VICKSBURG 

530. The capture of New Orleans opened the where had 

... rM r- 1 theConfed- 

lower Mississippi : but the Confederates had a erates stm a 

^ ^ . . stronghold? 

stronghold at Vicksburg. Here their batteries pre- 
vented the Union fleet from passing up or down. 

531. The task of taking; Vicksburg; was g:iven Ten what 

^ o o Grant did 

to General Grant. During the early part of 1863, fir^^- what 
he tried several ways of capturing the place ; but Jjof^^^^i"^ °* 
all failed. Finally, he thought of running past 
the batteries with the ships, and marching his 
army down heloio and in the rear of Vicksburg. 

532. The place withstood a siege of two months ; Teii about 
but on the 4th of July, 1863, it had to surrender, thesu?- 



Port Hudson, the last Confederate stronghold on 
the Mississippi, followed. Then the great river 
was clear all the way to the sea. 

8W. PRIM. HIST. 12 



render. 



178 PRIMARY HISTORY 



BATTLES AT CHATTANOOGA 

Tell about 533. Ill tliG summer of 1863, General Kosecrans 

the advance 

of Rose- marched south from Murfreesboro. The Corifed- 

craiis. What 

pfaceV^""^ erates fell back to Chattanooga, Tennessee, and 
Rosecrans followed. Near Chattanooga the battle 
of Chickamauga was fought in September. It was 
a defeat for the Union army. 

Tell what 534-. Soon after this, General Grant took com- 

Grant did. ' 

mand of the army at Chattanooga. In November, 
he attacked the Southern army at Missionary 
Ridge, and forced it to retreat. (See map.) 

OPERATIONS AGAINST CHARLESTON 

What is said 535. One of the principal strong;holds of the 

of Charles- ^ ^ ^ 

ton? Confederates was Charleston. In the spring of 

1863, a fleet of iron-clads, under Admiral Dupont, 
went to attack Fort Sumter. The fleet w^as re- 
pulsed, and the attack failed. 

Tell what 536. After this General Gillmore built batteries, 

Gillmore 
did. Could 
the Union 



with great guns, on the islands near Charleston 
Charleston? Harbor, and bombarded Fort Sumter for months. 
It was at last battered into a heap of ruins; but 
the Union army was not able to take the fort or 
Charleston. These did not surrender till near the 
end of the war. 



MAP OF OPERATIONS i V P 

IN THE EAST 




GULF 

F 

MEXICO 



179 



180 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Give an ac- 
count of the 
battle of 
Cliancellors- 
ville. 



What did 
Lee propose? 
Tell where 
he inarched. 



THE BATTLE OF CHANCELLORSYILLE 

537. You remember that the last battle fought 
in Yn^ginia was at Fredericksburg in December, 
1862 (page 174). 

538. In May, 1863, the Union army crossed 
the Rappahannock River. Tlie Confederates met 
them at Chancellorsville, about ten miles from 
Fredericksburg. Here a desperate battle took 
place. The result was that the Union army was 
defeated with great loss, and had to recross 

the Rappahannock in 
very bad spirits. 

THE BATTLE OF 
GETTYSBURG 

539. The greatest 
battle of the whole 
war was fought at 
Gettysburg, Pa. 

540. General Lee 
had defeated the 
Union army in Yir- 

ginia several times ; so he thought he would 
carry the war into the North. With a powerful 




GENERAL ROBERT E. LEE 



BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1863 181 

and high-spirited army he crossed the Potomac into 
Maryland. The Union army marched to Frederick 
City, Maryland. Lee then advanced northward 
into Pennsylvania, and it is supposed that he 
meant to go to Philadelphia. 

541. General Meade, who had lately been made what did 

^ ^ ^ Meade do? 

commander of the Army of the Potomac, hurried where did 

*J ^ the armies 

forward to meet Lee. The two armies met at "^^^^^ 
Gettysburg, in Southern Pennsylvania, and the 
result was the tremendous battle of Gettysburg. 

542. The Union army was strongly posted on what took 
a hill-side near the town. The battle began on ^^stday? 

*-' Ihe second 

the 1st of July with a partial Southern success, ^^y^ 
On the second day, the Confederates again at- 
tacked, but could not move the Union army. 

543. The third day there were nine hours of Give an ac- 

^ count of the 

desperate fighting, and then the Southern army j^^^^'^i/^^'^ 
was driven from the field. The loss on both sides 
was over fifty thousand. 

544. After the battle of Gettysburg, General what move 

ments were 

Lee retreated into Virginia, and took position south now made r 
of the Rapidan River. The Union army followed 
up to the north side of that stream ; but noth- 
ing of importance took place there during the 
remainder of the year 1863. 



182 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



XXV. BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1864 
grant's campaign in the east 



Tell of the 
two Union 
armies and 
their com- 
manders. 



545. The spring of 1864 saw two great Union 
armies in the field. General Grant had been put 
in command of all the United States forces. He 
left the Western army under the care of General 
Sherman, while he himself took command of the 
Army of the Potomac, in Virginia. 

546. In May Grant crossed the Rapidan, and 
attacked the Confederates under Lee in what is 
called the Wilderness. The battle was not deci- 
sive. Grant advanced and engaged Lee again^ and 
so kept fighting all the way to the James River. 

What cities 547. AVlicn Grant srot to the James River, he 

did Grant ^ 

lay siege to? proceeded to lay siege to Petersburg and Rich- 
mond. Several important actions took place ; but 
there was nothing decisive till the spring of 1865. 



Tell when 
Grant began 
his move- 
ment and 
what he did. 



Tell abont 
the attack 
on Washing- 
ton. 



SHERIDAN IN THE VALLEY 

548. In the summer of 1864, General Lee sent 
a force to attack Washington. They assaulted 
the works around the capital, but were repulsed 
and then retired to the Shenandoah Valley. 



BATTLES AND CAMPAIGNS OF 1864 



183 



549. Grant now sent an army under Sheridan Teii about 

"^ Sheridan's 



against the Confederates in the valley. He won 
victories at Winchester and Cedar Creek. 



victories. 



SHERMAN S MARCH TO THE SEA 

550. We must now turn to the West 
same time that Grant ^^^ 
advanced against Lee 

(May, 1864), Sherman 
attacked the Confed- 
erates in Georgia. 

551. As Sherman 
advanced, he fought 
the army opposed to 
him, and won his way 
to Atlanta, a very im- 
portant point. 

552. TheConfeder- 




At the What gen- 
eral in the 
West moved 
when Grant 
did? 



What city 
did Sher- 
man finally 
reach ? 



GENERAL SHERMAN 



Why was 

. Tennessee 

ates now started to mvade Tennessee, so as to invaded? 
force Sherman to retreat. 

553. But Sherman, sending only one half of his what did 
army to Tennessee, marched throug;h Georgia do? what 

had Thomas 

to the seacoast, and captured Savannah. Mean- donemean- 



while, General Thomas met and defeated the Con- 
federate army at Nashville. 



time? 



184 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



FARRAGUT AT MOBILE 



What place 
was at- 



554. In July, 1864, a powerful fleet, under Ad- 
flS mider^ uilral Farragut, was sent against Mobile, the har- 
bor of which w^as defended by two strong forts. 



Farragut ? 



Tell what 
was done. 



555. Farragut lashed his vessels together in 
pairs, stationed himself in the main-top of his 
flag-ship, and thus ran past the forts, with the 
loss of but one ship. He engaged and captured 
the Confederate iron-clad Tennessee, and with the 
assistance of a land force, took the forts. 



From what 
did North- 
ern com- 
merce suf- 
fer? 



Which was 
the most 
destructive 
ship? Give 
an account 
of the fight 
with the 
Kearsarge. 



THE ALABAMA AND THE KEARSARGE 

556. During this year immense loss was caused 
to Northern commerce by Confederate cruisers 
built in England. From the beginning of the war. 
Southern privateers had been so active that hardly 
a Northern merchant-ship could sail the seas. 

557. The most destructive of these vessels was 
the Alabama, commanded by Captain Raphael 
Semmes. She had captured or burned more than 
sixty ships, but in June, 1864, the United States 
war-vessel Kearsarge, commanded by Captain John 
Winslow, attacked her off the coast of France, and 
after a brilliant fight of an hour sank her. 



THE FINAL CAMPAIGN 185 



XXVI. THE FINAL CAMPAIGN 

THE SITUATION IN THE SPRING OF 1865 

558. In the sprin^r of 1865, it was clear that what was 

-^ ^ ^ plain in the 

the end of the Confederacy was nig;h. Sherman ^P"!,°^J?i, o 

•^ ^ 1865? Why? 

had gone through the Southeast like a whirlwind 
of destruction. The United States war-vessels 
stood sentinel at every Southern seaport to pre- 
vent supplies from going in, and the resources of 
the South were nearly exhausted. 

Sherman's operations 

559. The final campaign was begun by Slier- Teii about 
man. From Savannah his army began its advance g^^^^^Jj^^h"^ 
northward (February 1, 1865) to join Grant's army 

in Virginia. 

560. The Confederates had nothing; to oppose How far did 

^ •'■■'• Sherman ad- 

to the advance of Sherman except a feeble rem- ^vherJeise 
nant of an army under General Joseph E. John- lyentfha^- 
ston. The Union army marched northward p^^^'^^* 
through South Carolina and into North Carolina. 
Just at this time Grant was beginning in Virginia 
a series of operations which ended the war. 



186 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Where was 
Lee at this 
time ? How- 
did Grant 
begin his 
operations ? 



What took 
place next 
day ? State 
the result. 



Tell about 
the pursuit. 
When and 
where was 
the sur- 
render ? 



Tell what 
took place 
between 
Sherman 
and John- 
ston. When 
was the 
war at an 
end? 



GRANT S OPERATIONS 

561. In the spring of 1865, General Lee was 
still holding Richmond and Petersburg, but with 
an army much reduced in strength. General 
Grant began his operations April 1, by sending a 
force to attack the Confederate defenses of Peters- 
burg, at a point called Five Forks. 

562. Next day, an assault was made along the 
whole line of works in front of Petersburg. The 
result was that Lee, seeing that he could hold 
Petersburg and Richmond no longer, abandoned 
those places, and began a retreat westward. 

563. Immediately there began a hot pursuit 
which lasted for a week with frequent fighting. 
Lee could do nothing against the force which 
attacked him ; so he surrendered his army to 
Grant at Appomattox Court House, April 9, 1865. 

564. In the mean time, Sherman had engaged 
Johnston at Raleigh, which city he entered April 
13. At this time Johnston heard of Lee's surren- 
der. As he knew that resistance was now hope- 
less, he surrendered to General Sherman April 26. 
By the end of May, all the Southern forces had laid 
down their arms, and the civil war ivas at an end. 



THE RETURN OF PEACE 



187 



THE ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN 

565. The tidings of Lee's surrender caused great wimtterri- 

^ ble event 

iov throudiout the North. But in the midst of happened at 

J J . ^ ^ this time? 

the rejoicings a terrible event happened. Presi- 
dent Lincoln was assassinated in a theater at 
Washington. The man who did the deed was a 
desperate and probably insane person, named John 
Wilkes Booth. Lincoln died the next morning. 
Booth fled, but was overtaken and shot. 



PEACE 

566. At the 

end of May, a 
two days' re- 
view of the ar- 
mies of Sherman 
and Grant took 
place at Wash- 
ington. These 
armies num- 
bered about two 
hundred thou- 
sand men. The 

disbanding of the troops now began, and the 
soldiers retired to the pursnits of peaceful life. 




THE FINAL REVIEW OF THE ARMY 



Tell of the 
coming of 
peace. 



188 PRIMARY HISTORY 



XXVII. FACTS AND REFLECTIONS 

Why was 567. You havG now learned the principal facts 

lamentable of the sircat civil war in the United States. It 

one? 

was one of the most lamentable contests in the 
history of the world, because it arrayed in strife 
the two sections of a people who had previously 
been the most happy and prosperous on earth. 

What should 568. Whcii you grow up, and come to study the 



we remem- 



ber in judg- history of our country more fully, you will learn 

lug about ^ ^ d ^ xj 

the war? ^]-^^^ ^]^g sccds of this coutcst wcrc sowu long before 
the men who waged the war were born. And this 
is a fact which we must never forget in thinking 
about this awful war. 

What is said 569. The principal cause of the war was slavery. 

of slavery ? r r ^ ./ 

What other ^hc g-rcatcst result of the war was the abolition 

good effect o 

had the war? q£ slavery. This has proved a benefit to the peo- 
ple of the South. Another good effect of the war 
is, that it has brought the people of the North and 
the South to understand each other better, and 
respect each other more. 

How much 570. The war was very costly, both in treasure 

did the war ^ *^ 

<^«s^^ and in blood. At its close, the North had a debt 



FACTS AND REFLECTIONS 189 

of nearly three billions of dollars. The finances 
of the South were utterly ruined and the Con- 
federate notes issued during the war soon became 
absolutely worthless. 

571. On the Union side, it is believed that three How many 

^ were killed 

hundred thousand men were either killed in battle oli both^^^ 
or died from disease. Four hundred thousand ^^^^^^ 
more were crippled or disabled for life. It is 
probable that, on both sides, over one million of 
men were either killed or received wounds dur- 
ing the war. But we must remember that the 
war saved the Union, which is far beyond the 
worth of money or of lives. 

572. During: the war two new states were ad- what about 

^ ^ West Vir- 

mitted into the Union. The western part of ^^^^^ 
Virginia, which had remained loyal to the Union, 
was admitted as a state, under the name of West 
Virginia, in 1863. 

573. Nevada was admitted into the Union as when was 

Nevada ad- 

the thirty-sixth state near the end of 1864. The mitted? 
name Nevada is Spanish for "snow-covered," and 
was derived from the Sierra Nevada Mountains. 
Nevada was the third state formed from the terri- 
tory that was once part of Mexico, the other two 
being Texas and California. 



190 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



XXVIII. A REVIEW LESSON 



1. Tell when the War of Secession began, 
how long it lasted, and lohen it closed. 

It began with the firing of the Con- 
federates on Fort Sumter, in Charles- 
ton Harbor, April, 1861, lasted four 
years, and ended with the surrender 
of Lee at Appomattox Court House, 
April, 1865. 

2. What loas the effect of the bombard- 
ment of Fort Sumter f 

It showed both sides that war was 
inevitable. 

3. What were the immediate results f 
The President issued a call for sev- 
enty-five thousand volunteers, and 
four other slave states seceded from 
the Union. 

4. What teas the first important battle? 
The battle of Bull Run, Virginia, 

in July, 1861. It was a Union defeat. 

5. What effect did this battle have ? 

It showed both North and South 
that a great struggle had begun, and 
both started to organize immense 
armies. 



6. Who was put in command of the 
Union artny ? 

General George B. McClellan. 

7. What was the first important event 
in the West in 1^21 

The capture of Fort Donelson on 
the Cumberland River, in February, 
by General U. S. Grant. This was 
important because the fort was the 
key-point to a line of defenses pro- 
tecting the Southwestern States from 
invasion, it encouraged the North, and 
compelled the Confederates to leave 
Nashville. 

8. Name other important events that 
took place in the West in 1862. 

The battle of Shiloh, on the Ten- 
nessee River, in April, — not decisive ; 
and the battle of Murfreesboro, 
Tennessee, in December, — a Union 
success. 

9. What was the first important event 
in the East in 1802 ? 

McClellan's campaign against Gen- 
eral Robert E. Lee on the YorktowK 
peninsula, — unsuccessful. 



A REVIEW LESSON 



191 



10. After this campaign, lohat did Gen- 
eral Lee do f 

He marched northward with his 
army, defeated a Union force under 
General Pope, and crossed the Poto- 
mac into Maryland, where the great 
battle of Antietam was fought, in 
September, 1862, Lee being forced to 
retreat into Virginia. 

11. Name the next great battle fought 
in Virginia. 

The battle of Fredericksburg, in 
December, 1862, — a Confederate vic- 
tory. 

12. Name the most important naval 
operations of 1862. 

In the West, the opening of the 
lower Mississippi and the capture of 
New Orleans by Admiral Farragut. 
In the East, the battle between the 
Monitor and , the Merrimac, at the 
mouth of the James Kiver, which 
saved the Union fleet there from de- 
struction. 

13. What loas the first great event of 
1863? 

The issuing of the Emancipation 
Proclamation by the President, de- 
claring all slaves within the seceded 
states to be free. 

14. What was the greatest military suc- 
cess in the West in 1863? 

The surrender of Vicksburg to 
General Grant on the 4th of July, 
after a two months' siege. This, with 
the capture of Port Hudson (which 



followed), resulted in opening the 
whole of the Mississippi River, and 
cutting the Confederacy in two. 

15. What battles loere fought in Tennes- 
see in I860? 

The battles of Chickamauga and 
Missionary Ridge, resulting in the 
retreat of the Confederate army. 

16. What battle took place this year 
near Fredericksburg ? 

The battle of Chancellorsville, in 
May, the Union forces being defeated 
and forced to retreat. 

17. What was the greatest Union success 
in the East in 1863 ? 

The battle of Gettysburg, fought 
July 1, 2, and 3, the Confederates be- 
ing connnanded by General Lee, and 
the Union force by General Meade. 
The loss on both sides was very large. 

18. Why was this battle so important? 

Because the Confederates had in- 
vaded the North in strong force, hav- 
ing previously beaten the Union army 
at Chancellorsville, and, if Lee had 
been successful at Gettysburg, he 
could have captured Philadelphia 
and Washington. 

19. What changes took place in the com- 
mand of the army early in 1864? 

General Grant was put at the head 
of all the United States forces. He 
made General Sherman commander 
of the Western army, and himself took 
command of the army in Virginia. 



192 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



20. Give an account of the operations in 
Virginia in 1864. 

In May, General Grant crossed the 
Rapidan River, attacked the Confed- 
erates under Lee, and fought the battle 
of the "Wilderness, which was not 
decisive. Grant then fought his way 
to the James River, and laid siege to 
Petersburg and Richmond. 

21. Give an account of Sheridan's cam- 
paign in the Shenandoah Valley. 

General Lee had sent a force to at- 
tack Washington, but it was repulsed, 
and retired to the Shenandoah Valley. 
Here the Union army, under Sheridan, 
in September, 1864, defeated the Con- 
federates at Winchester, and again at 
Cedar Creek in October. 

22. Give an account of Sherman's march 
to the sea. 

General Sherman advanced and 
fought General Johnston in several 
great battles. He forced the Confed- 
erates to retreat, and captured At- 
lanta. The Confederate army then 
moved north into Tennessee, to force 
Sherman to abandon his march. But 



Sherman sent half his army in pur- 
suit under General Thomas, who won 
a great victory at Nashville. In 
the meantime, Sherman had marched 
through Georgia and captured Sa- 
vannah. 

23. Tell about the naval victories of 1864. 
Admiral Farragut captured the forts 

at Mobile. The Alabama, a Confed- 
erate cruiser, was taken by the Kear- 
sarge. 

24. Give an account of the campaign 
that ended the war. 

In February, 1865, General Sherman 
marched northward through South 
Carolina and North Carolina, defeated 
the small Confederate army in several 
actions, and entered Raleigh on April 
15. Grant, in April, made an attack 
on the lines of Petersburg and Rich- 
mond. Lee evacuated these places, 
and retreated westward. The Union 
army pursued tlie Confederates, and 
Lee surrendered at Appomattox 
Court House, April 9, 1865. John- 
ston surrendered to Sherman, April 26. 



PART V 

HISTORY SLYCE THE WAR 

XXIX. RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 

Johnson's administration 



574. The Constitution says that when a Presi- what is said 

^ about a 



dent dies in office, the 
Vice President shall take 
his place. At the time of 
Lincoln's death, Andrew 
Johnson was Vice Presi- 
dent, and a few hours af- 
terwards, April 15, 1865, 
Johnson took the oath of 
office. 




President 
dying in 
office? AVlio 
now became 
President? 



ANDREW JOHNSON 



575. President Lincoln lived to see the war wiiat great 

task had 

ended, but not the Union restored. The g-reat now to be 

' ^ done? 

task before our government now was to arrange 
to bring back the Southern States to their place 
in the Union. This was called Reconstruction. 



S\V. PRIM. HIST 



— 13 



193 



194 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



State what 
the Presi- 
dent re- 
quired of 
the South. 



Did the 
South do 
these 
things ? 



What diffi- 
culty arose ? 



What did 
Congress 
want ? 
What of 
Johnson and 
the South? 



576. President Johnson immediately set about 
doing this work. He told the Southern States 
that they must, (1) blot out their decrees of seces- 
sion ; (2) declare void (or worthless) the Confed- 
erate debt ; and, (3) adopt an amendment to the 
Constitution (called the Thirteenth Amendment), 
doing away with slavery forever. 

577. In the course of the year 1865, the South- 
ern States did all these things. Slavery was 
blotted out. And now the South was ready to 
send representatives to Congress, and become once 
more a part of the United States. 

578. But here a difficulty arose. Johnson had 
acted without consulting Congress, which was not 
in session at the time ; and when Congress did 
meet in December, 1865, there was great dissatis- 
faction expressed for what he had done. 

579. Congress was not willing that the South 
should come back on the President's terms, but 
wanted a Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion, which should give the negroes certain privi- 
leges. Johnson was opposed to this, and the 
Southern States w^ould not adopt the Fourteenth 
Amendment; so they were kept out, and Con- 
gress appointed military governors to rule them. 



RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 195 

580. Between President and Congress there was Between 

whom was 

now a bitter struo^o-le, which lasted two or three there a 

*^c5 7 Struggle ? 

years. The policy of Cono-ress was at last carried which 

•^ 1 ./ o ^ policy sue- 
out, and the South did all that was required. ceeded? 



IMPEACHMENT OF THE PRESIDENT 

581. The quarrel between Congress and the what did 

the quarrel 

President led to Johnson's impeachment in 1868. lead to? 
The impeachment of a President means accusing 
him of breaking the law, and trying him before 
the Senate. If he is found guilty, he is removed 
from office. 

582. Congress said that Johnson had broken why did 

Congress 

the law by attempting to remove Stanton, the V^i^^^^Jj^ 
Secretary of War, from office. After a long trial, ^he rLuk? 
the President was acquitted. 



THE FRENCH IN MEXICO 

583. The relations of the United States with what ques- 
tion about 

France, with regard to Mexico, proved another Hlf^^f 
important question in Johnson's administration. theFreuch 
During our war, the French sent an army, which 
defeated the Mexican Republicans, in 1863, and 
the Archduke Maximilian was made Emperor of 
Mexico. 



196 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Give an ac- 
count of 
what the 
United 
States did. 



584. At the close of the war the United States 
demanded the recall of the French troops. The 
Mexicans then rose against Maximilian and his 
soldiers, and conquered them. 



What tri- 
umph of 

science is 
mentioned ? 
Tell about 
the cable. 



THE ATLANTIC CABLE 

585. In 1866, science had a grand triumph in 
the completion of the Atlantic Cable. It w^as laid 
by the steamer Great Eastern, and stretches under 
the sea from Valencia Bay, Ireland, to Heart's 
Content, Newfoundland, a distance of 1800 miles. 




LANDING THE CABLE AT HEART'S CONTENT 



RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 



197 



THE PURCHASE OF ALASKA 

586. By a treaty made in March, 1867, witli Teii about 

the purchase 

the Kussian government, the United States bought of Alaska, 
the territory of Ahiska. It is vahiable for its 
furs and fish; the price paid for it was $7,200,000. 



GRANT S ADMINISTRATION 

587. When the time came to choose a President Name the 

c T 1 1 -r» 1 T candidates 

to take the place of Johnson, the Republicans forthepresi- 
named as their can- 
didate. General U. 
S. Grant, who was • 
elected, and on 
March 4, 1869, be- 
came President. 



588. As General 
Grant as:reed with 
the Eepublican 
party, the dispute 
between Congress 
and President was 
at an end. 




dency in 
1809. 
Who was 
elected ? 



What dis- 
putes were 
now ended? 



ULYSSES S. GRANT 



589. One of the most important events during 
Grant's administration was the adoption of the 



198 



PlilMARY HISTORY 



Fifteenth Amendment to the Constitution (March, 
1870). By this law the negroes of the South 



What was 
the Fif- 
teenth 
Amend- 
ment? were made citizens and voters. 



Tell what 
took place 
during 
Grant's first 
year. 



What is a 
census ? 
What did 
that of 1870 
show? 



Who was 
chosen 
President in 
1872? 



Name some 
great men 
who died 
from 1870 
to 1874. 



590. During the first year of President Grant's 
administration the last of the seceded states was 
restored to the Union. The South began to re- 
cover rapidly from the wounds of the war. 

591. In the year 1870 there was a counting of 
all the people in the United States. This count- 
ing — called the census — takes place every ten 
years. It showed that the population of our 
country in tliat year consisted of more than 
thirty-eight million inhabitants. 

592. In the fall of 1872 the time came for 
another presidential election. The choice again 
fell upon General Grant, who entered on his sec- 
ond term as President, March 4, 1873. 

593. During the time in which Grant was Presi- 
dent many eminent men died: — in 1870, General 
Robert E. Lee, the great Southern soldier in the 
War of Secession, and Admiral Farragut, who took 
a distinguished part on the Union side ; — in 1872, 
William H. Seward, the statesman, and Morse, the 
inventor of the electric telegraph; — in 1873, Chief 
Justice Chase; — and in 1874, Charles Sumner, a 



RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 199 

United States senator from Massachusetts, who 
for many years was a most eloquent opponent 
of slavery. 

594. One of the most disastrous financial panics Teii about 

the panic of 

in the history of the country took place in the 1873. 
year 1873. It caused wide-spread failure and dis- 
tress among all classes. 

595. The g-reat event of the year 1876 was the what was 

" *^ ^ the ceuten- 

celebration of the CentenniaL or hundredth birth- "iai? 

^ Tell how It 

day of the United States. In honor of this event bSedl^' 
an "international exposition/' or World's Fair, 
was held at Philadelphia. It was open from May 
till November, 1876, and was visited by millions 
of people from all parts of our own country and 
from other lands. 

596. A hundred years is not a very great while Repeat what 
in the life of a nation; but a most marvelous the growth 

' in states. 

progress had taken place during the century from JjoP^p""^^" 
1776 to 1876. The thirteen stars in our flag had ^^^''*- 
increased to thirty-eight. The three millions of 
population had swelled to over forty millions. The 
area of settlement, widening out far beyond the 
narrow limits of the Atlantic seaboard, had 
stretched out until it covered the continent from 
ocean to ocean. 



200 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



HAYES S ADMINISTRATION 



Tell of the 
railroad 
strike in 

1877. 



Who was 597. The next President after General Grant 

after Grant? ^y^s Eutherford B. Hajes, of Ohio. 

598. A great railroad strike took place in the 
summer of 1877. The workmen on many of the 

roads in the Middle States 
refused to work because 
their employers had cut 
down their wages ; and 
they not only refused to 
work, but they would not 
let trains be run. Troops 
were called out to put 
down the rioters, but at 
Pittsburg (in Pennsylva- 
nia) more than a hundred persons were killed. 

599. In the far Southern States a dreadful dis- 
ease, called yellow fever, comes nearly every sum- 
mer. In the summer of 1878 it broke out worse 
than ever. It spread from New Orleans north and 
through the cities on the Mississippi River, and 
thousands died of it. 



Tell about 
the yellow 
fever in the 
South. 




RUTHERFORD B. HAYES 



Tell of the 
tenth census. 



600. The tenth census taken in 1880 showed a 
population of more than fifty millions. 



RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 



201 



GARFIELD AND ARTHUR S ADMINISTRATION 




JAMES A. GARFIELD 



601. The twentieth 
President of the United 
States was James A. Gar- 
field. He was born of 
poor parents, and as a lad 
was employed to drive 
mules on the tow-path of 
a canal. But he worked 
hard an.d became first a 
teacher, and then a brave general. 

602. When General Garfield became President it How did the 

Presideut 

was hoped that the country would be happier than it ^^^J 

had been for many years. ^yjJo^now 

But just at this time the President? 

President was shot by a 
man who was probably in- 
sane, and on the 19th of 
September, 1881, he died. 
Chester A. Arthur, the Vice 
President under Garfield, 
CHESTER A. ARTHUR thus bccamc Presidcut. 




603. No g;reat political events took place durino; Mention 

J. o gQjjjg events 

Arthur's term, but there occurred several matters during Ar- 

^ tliur s term. 



202 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



Who suc- 
ceeded 
Arthur ? 



What point 
of interest 
was there 
in the elec- 
tion of 
Cleveland ? 



Tell of Gen. 

Grant's 

death. 

Name three 

notable 

deaths in 

1886. 



of much interest to the people. Among these were : 
the lowermg of letter postage from three cents to 
two cents and the completion of the splendid 
Brooklyn Bridge, which spans the East River and 
connects New York with Brooklyn. 

Cleveland's first administration 

604. When the people 
came to elect a President 
in 1884 there were sev- 
eral candidates of differ- 
ent parties. The choice 
fell on G rover Cleveland, 
the candidate of the Dem- 
ocratic party. He was in- 
augurated March 4, 1885. 

605. The Eepublican party had controlled the 
national government for twenty-four years, — ever 
since Buchanan's term. Hence much interest was 
felt when a Democratic President was chosen. 

606. An event that caused grief throughout the 
whole country was the death of General Grant 
(July, 1885). The following year was made mem- 
orable by the death of several distinguished men, 
— of Vice President Hendricks, and of the two 
illustrious soldiers, McClellan and Hancock. 




GROVER CLEVELAND 



RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 



203 



Harrison's administration 

607. Benjamin Harrison, a Republican, became whosuc- 
President on March 4, 1889. Cleveland? 

608. Near the close of the previous term, Mr. AVhat about 

. the tariff? 

Cleveland had told Congress that the tariff taxes 
were too high. The Republicans thought they 
were not high enough, 
and so, after Harrison be- 
came President, the tariff 
was increased. 



What about 
new states? 
The new 
territory ? 
Population ? 




609. In this term six 
new states came into the 
Union : Washington, Mon- 
tana, North Dakota, South 
Dakota, Idaho, and Wyo- ^^"^'"- "^■■'■'°" 

ming. Also, part of Indian Territory was thrown 
open to settlers and formed into a new territory — 
Oklahoma. The eleventh census, taken in 1890, 
showed a population of sixty-three millions in the 
United States. 



Cleveland's second administration 

610. In 1892 the Democrats again elected Cleve- SJpr 
land, and he became President March 4, 1893. 



chosen Pres- 
ident in 
1892? 



204 



PRIMARY HISTORY 



What party 
now con- 
trolled the 
govern- 
ment ? 



Tell about 
the Chicago 
Fair. 



Tell about 
Utah. 



611. The Democrats also elected a majority of 
the members of the House of Representatives. 
The Senate had also passed into the control of the 
Democrats, so that now, for the first time since 
the civil war, the law-making power w^as wholly 
in the hands of that party. As a result, a law 
was passed, making the tariff taxes a little lower. 

612. In 1893 a great World's Fair was held at 
the city of Chicago. It was called '^ the World's 
Columbian Exposition," in memory of the dis- 
covery of America by Christopher Columbus. 

613. In this term Utah was admitted to the 
Union, making the number of states forty-five. 



Who was 
the next 
President ? 



What ahont 
the tariff? 



Mckinley's administration 

614. The twenty-fifth President was William 

McKinley, a Republican, 
who took office Marcli 4, 

1897. 

615. As the Republicans 
also controlled the Con- 
gress, the tariff taxes were 
now made higher again. 

616. In the year 1898 
our country waged a war 




WILLIAM McKINLEY 



RECENT ADMINISTRATIONS 205 

with Spain, in order to make the island of Cuba when and 

where was 

free from her harsh rule. The fighting was all the war with 
done in Cuba and the other Spanish colonies. fought? 

617. In the Philippine Islands our war ships what hap- 
under Commodore Dewey destroyed the Spanish thePMiip- 
ships near the city of Manila. About three months 

later, Manila itself was captured by these ships 
and a United States army. 

618. In the West Indies our army under General in the West 

'^ Indies? 

Shafter did some hard fighting before taking the 
city of Santiago, in Cuba ; but the island of Puerto 
Rico was easily seized. A powerful Spanish fleet 
was destroyed by our ships as it tried to escape 
from Santiago. 

619. The main results of the war were to xeii the re- 
make Cuba free, and to add Puerto Rico and the war. 
Philippines to our possessions. During the war 

the Hawaiian Islands in the Pacihc were peaceably 
annexed by our country. 



REFERENCE LIST OF THE PRESIDENTS 

First President, — George Washington, of Virginia. Two terms, 
1789 to 1797. 

Second President, — John Adams, of Massachusetts. One term, 
1797 to 1801. 

Third President, — Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia. Two terms, 
1801 to 1809. 

Fourth President, — James Madison, of Virginia. Two terms, 1809 
to 1817. 

Fifth President, — James Monroe, of Virginia. Two terms, 1817 
to 1825. 

Sixth President, — John Quincy Adams, of Massachusetts. One 
term, 1825 to 1829. 

Seventh President, — Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee. Two terms, 1829 
to 1837. 

Eighth President, — Martin Van Buren, of New York. One term, 
1837 to 1841. 

Ninth President, — William H. Harrison, of Ohio. Was inaugurated 
March 4, 1841, and died witliin a month. 

Tenth President, — John Tyler, of Virginia. Had be ui Vice Presi- 
dent under Harrison, on whose death he became President ; served till 
1845. 

^/even^/i President, — James K. Polk, of Tennessee. One term, 1845 
to 1849. 

Tivelfth President, — Zachary Taylor, of Louisiana. Was inaugu- 
rated March 4, 1849, and died in office, 1850. 

206 



REFERENCE LIST OF THE PRESIDENTS 207 

Thirteenth President,— Millard Fillmore, of New York; Vice 
President under Taylor, and served till tlie end of the term, 1853. 

Fourteenth President,— Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire. One 
term, 1853 to 1857. 

Fifteenth President,— James Buchanan, of Pennsylvania. One 

term, 1857 to 1861. 

Sixteenth President, — Abraham Lincoln, of Ilhnois. Served from 
1861 to 1865. Keelected, but assassinated in April, 1865. 

Seventeenth President,— Andrew Johnson, of Tennessee ; Vice Presi- 
dent under Lincoln, and served till 1869. 

Eighteenth President,— Ulysses S. Grant, of Illinois. Two terms, 

1869 to 1877. ^ ^^ . ^ ^ 

Nineteenth President,— Rutherford B. Hayes, of Ohio. One term, 

1877 to 1881. ^. . T ^ A 

Tiventieth President,- James A. Garfield, of Ohio. Inaugurated 

March 5, 1881, and died by assassination September 19, 1881. 

Tiventy-first President,- Chester A. Arthur, of New York; Vice 

President under Garfield, on whose death he became President, 1881 

to 1885. ^ _ ^^ , ^. ^ 

Twenty-secondTTesident-Gvover Cleveland, of New York. Pirst 

term, 1885 to 1889. . 

Twenty-third President, — Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana. One term, 

1889 to 1893. 

ri(;enf2/-/oiir«/i President, -Grover Cleveland. Second term, 1893 

to 1897. ^^^. ^^^^^ 

Twenty-Jifth President, - William McKinley, of Ohio. 189^ to 



REFERENCE TABLE 

Showing Areas, Settlement, and Admission of the States 



States 




When, "Where, and by Whom Settled 


1 


pulation 
Census 
1890 




>H ^ 








P >"^ 




<tl M 








-al 


P-i ,^ o 


Virginia, 


42,450 


1607 


Jamestown, 


English, 


-2 


1,655,980 


New York, 


49,170 


1614 


New York, 


Dutch, 


Cj 


5,997,853 


Massachusetts, 


8,315 


1620 


Plymouth, 


English, 


Ic 


2,238,943 


New Hampshire, 


9,305 


1623 


Portsmouth, 


English, 


"rt 


376,530 


Connecticut, 


4,990 


1633 


Windsor, 


English, 


Ec 


746,258 


Maryland, 


12,210 


1634 


St. Marys, 


English, 




1,042,390 


Ehode Island, 


1,250 


1636 


Providence, 


English, 


O 


345,506 


Delaware, 


2,050 


1638 


Wilmington, 


Swedes, 


P 


168,493 


North Carolina, 


52,250 


1663 


Albemarle Sound, 


Enghsh, 


1 


1,617,947 


New Jersey, 


7,815 


1664 


Elizabeth, 


English, 


2 


1,444,983 


South Carolina, 


30,570 


1670 


Ashley Kiver, 
Philadelphia, 


English, 


+^ 


1,151,149 


Pennsylvania, 


45,215 


1682 


Enghsh, 


^ 


5,258,014 


Georgia, 


59,475 


1733 


Savannah, 


English, 


H 


1,887,353 


Vermont, 


9,565 


1724 


Brattleboro, 


English, 


1791 


382,422 


Kentucky, 


40,400 


1774 


Harrodsburg, 


English, 


1792 


1,858,635 


Tennessee, 


42,050 


1768 


Watauga Kiver, 


EngUsh, 


1796 


1,767,518 


Ohio, 


41,060 


1788 


Marietta, 


Americans, 


1803 


8,672,816 


Louisiana, 


48,720 


1718 


New Orleans, 


French, 


1812 


1,118,587 


Indiana, 


36,350 


1719? 


Vincennes, 


French, 


1816 


2,192,4(14 


Mississippi, 


46,810 


1699 


Biloxi, 


French, 


1817 


1,289.600 


Illinois, 


56,650 


1693 


Kaskaskia, 


French, 


1818 


3,826,351 


Alabama, 


52,250 


1702 


Mobile Bay, 


French, 


1819 


1,518,017 


Maine, 


33,040 


1625 


Bristol, 


English, 


1820 


661,086 


Missouri, 


69,415 


1755 


St. Genevieve, 


French, 


1821 


2,679,184 


Arkansas, 


53,850 


1685 


Arkansas Post, 


French, 


1836 


1,128,179 


Michigan, 


58,915 


1701 


Detroit, 


French, 


1S37 


2,098,889 


Florida, 


58,680 


1565 


St. Augustine, 


Spaniards, 


1845 


391,422 


Texas, 


265,780 


1685 


Matagorda Bay, 


Spaniards, 


1845 


2,235,523 


Iowa, 


56,025 


1833 


Dubuque, 


French, 


1846 


1,911,896 


Wisconsin, 


56,040 


1745 


Green Bay, 


French, 


1848 


1,686,880 


California, 


158,360 


1769 


San Diego, 


Spaniards, 


1850 


1,208,180 


Minnesota, 


83,365 


1838 


St. Paul, 


Americans, 


1858 


1,301,826 


Oregon, 


96,180 


1811 


Astoria, 


Americans, 


1859 


313,767 


Kansas, 


82,180 


1854 


Leavenworth, 


Americans, 


1861 


1,427,096 


West Virginia, 


24,780 


1764 


Upshur Co., 


Americans, 


1863 


762.794 


Nevada, 


110,700 


1850 


Genoa, 


Americans, 


1864 


45,761 


Nebraska, 


77,510 


1847 


Bellevue, 


Americans, 


1867 


l,0.'i>.91(l 


Colorado, 


. 103,925 


1859 


Denver, 


Americans, 


1876 


412.1i's 


North Dakota, 


70,795 


1812 


Pembino, 


English, 


1889 


182.719 


South Dakota, 


77,650 


1859 


S. E. part. 


Americans, 


1889 


32,s.s08 


Washington, 


69,180 


1811 


Columbia Kiver, 


Eng. & Am., 


1889 


849,390 


Montana, 


146,080 


1809 


Yellowstone Riv., 


Americans, 


1889 


182,159 


Idaho, 


84,800 


1842 


Coeur d'A16ne, 


Americans, 


1890 


84.3S5 


Wyoming, 


97,890 


1867 


Cheyenne, 


Americans, 


1890 


60,705 


Utah, 


84,970 


1847 


Salt Lake City, 


Americans, 


1896 


207,905 



The territories of New Mexico, Arizona, Oklalioma, and Indian Territory have 
an area of 300,000 square miles. The area of Alaska is 577,390 square miles. The 
area of the District of Columbia is 70 square miles. 

208 



.900 



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